Biological Effects of Surfactants

300 Pages·2005·12.784 MB·\300

by  S.A. Ostroumov (Author)

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
OF SURFACTANTS
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viii THE RISE OF THE SUPERCONDUCTORS
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
OF SURFACTANTS
S. A. Ostroumov
Moscow State University
Russia
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Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-2526-9 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ostroumov, Sergei Andreevich.
Biological effects of surfactants / S.A. Ostroumov.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-2526-9
1. Aquatic ecology. 2. Surface active agents--Physiological effect. I. Title.
QH541.5.W3082 2005
577.6'27--dc22 2005053818
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Contents

Foreword by M.E. Vinogradov and V.D. Fedorov vii
Foreword by Steven C. McCutcheon ix
Acknowledgments xi
Abbreviations xiii
Preface xv
Introduction xvii
Chapter 1 Anthropogenic Impacts and Synthetic Surfactants
as Pollutants of Aquatic Ecosystems 1
1.1 Criteria and priorities in assessing the hazardous impacts
on aquatic biota 1
1.2 Ecological hazard and ecosystemic consequences of the
effect of anthropogenic substances on hydrobionts 3
1.3 Biological effects of substances and the need of refining
the arsenal of biotesting methods 6
1.4 Substantiating the need for further research into biological
effects of synthetic surfactants 9
1.5 Ambiguity of biological effects caused by surfactants 12
1.6 Pollution of aquatic ecosystems by synthetic surfactants 16
1.7 Synthetic surfactants and self-purification of water
including its filtration by mollusks 23
Chapter 2 Organisms and Methods 27
2.1 Organisms: Substantiation of choice and aspects of methods
used 27
2.2 Chemical substances used 42
Chapter 3 Biological Activity of Waters Containing Anionic Surfactants 49
3.1 Biological effects of alkyl sulfates. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 50
3.2 Biological effects of alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS) 77
3.3 Biological effects of high-polymer synthetic surfactants 85
3.4 Concluding remarks 89
Chapter 4 Biological Activity of Waters Containing Nonionogenic
Surfactants 93
4.1 Biological effects of nonionogenic surfactants in a system
with bacteria 96
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vi S.A. OSTROUMOV
4.2 Biological effects of nonionogenic surfactants on
phytoplankton organisms 100
4.3 Biological effects of nonionogenic surfactants on
higher eukaryotes 104
4.4 Biological effects of nonionogenic surfactants and their
hazards to aquatic ecosystems 121
Chapter 5 Biological Activity of Waters Containing Cationic
Surfactants 127
5.1 Biological effects of ethonium 129
5.2 Biological effects of tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide
(TDTMA) 129
5.3 Biological effects of benzethonium chloride 142
5.4 Other data on the biological activities of cationic surfactants 142
Chapter 6 Biological Effects of Surfactant-Containing Mixtures
and Other Preparations 147
6.1 Impact of aquatic media with surfactant-containing
mixtures on hydrobionts: earlier works 147
6.2 New results on the impact of surfactant-containing
mixtures on autotrophic organisms 151
6.3 New results on the impact of surfactant-containing
mixtures on heterotrophic organisms 161
6.4 Assessment of the biological activities of other preparations
and samples 174
6.5 Some concluding remarks 176
Chapter 7 Biological Effects of Synthetic Surfactants and
Participation of Hydrobionts in Water Purification 181
7.1 Self-purification of water and the role of hydrobionts in
aquatic ecosystems 181
7.2 Water purification and some applied problems 190
7.3 Anthropogenic impact on hydrobionts: assessment of
the ecological hazards 192
Generalizing Remarks 197
Conclusions 201
References 203
Addendum 245
Subject Index 255
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Foreword
The book presents new results of research into the biological effects of surfactants
on autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. The author studied anionic, noniono-
genic, cationic surfactants, and commercial surfactant-containing mixtures. Surfact-
ants interact with membranes and pose a hazard to living organisms. Test organisms
studied are the major blocks and trophic levels of aquatic ecosystems; they include
bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, flagellates, higher plants, and invertebrates. Support
from various funds enabled the author to conduct his research in Russia, Ukraine, the
U.S., and the U.K. and greatly expand the set of organisms studied and methods used.
The results of experiments were analyzed in relation to the assessment of eco-
logical hazard to organisms and aquatic ecosystems, water self-purification studies
and nature preservation priorities. These issues are important, and collection of new
information for their analysis is useful.
The results of his work were reported by the author, who has become a leader
in this field of biological, ecological, and environmental sciences, at representative
forums in Russia and other countries, including the Joint Plenum of the Hydrobiolo-
gical Society, Russian Academy of Sciences; the Scientific Council on Hydrobiology
and Ichthyology, Russian Academy of Sciences; and Interdepartmental Ichthyo-
logical Commission of the Russian Federation; symposia of the American Society of
Limnology and Oceanography, and International Association for Theoretical and
Applied Limnology; conferences in the U.K., Switzerland, Denmark, and Finland;
and workshops in the U.S., Germany, the U.K., the Netherlands, and Belgium. Now
the time has come to generalize the results of this valuable and useful work. The book
is useful and interesting to research scientists in various fields, and also to post-
graduate students and university teachers.
M.E. Vinogradov
Academician
Russian Academy of Sciences
Professor V.D. Fedorov
DSc (Biology)
Chair of the Department of
Hydrobiology, Moscow State
University
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viii THE RISE OF THE SUPERCONDUCTORS
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Foreword
I have been in correspondence with Dr. Ostroumov since 1995 and have worked with
him to organize two sessions of the annual meetings of the American Society of
Limnology and Oceanography. He serves on the editorial board for the book,
Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control, of which I am co-editor. I am but
one of several scientists from Germany, the U.K., the U.S., and several other
countries that Dr. Ostroumov has attracted and helped self-organize to focus on the
ecological basis of the assimilative capacity of surface waters.
This new book by Dr. Ostroumov sums up his specific contributions on the
effects of surfactants and detergents on aquatic ecological systems, which are vital
to understanding how this important class of compounds affects our environment.
Without surfactants, including those found in common hand soap, modern societies
would be hard pressed to function. Surfactants in soaps, detergents, and many other
forms stop the spread of many diseases from hand-to-hand contact, are important in
manufacturing for de-greasing metal surfaces and many other uses, have made
possible many medical breakthroughs, and allow many other conveniences that are
taken for granted.
While our ecosystems have evolved in the presence of natural surfactants,
man-made surfactants have many acutely toxic and subtle effects. These priceless
ecosystems can only be protected and managed through understanding of the effects
on individual organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems as a whole. As
the dominance of man over the natural ecosystem will only increase in the short term,
understanding of the effects of anthropogenic compounds becomes more important.
The effect on waste assimilative capacity and the biological “machinery” or biogeo-
chemical cycles of the planet must be known to preserve diversity and the intrinsic
value of life on Earth.
Dr. Ostroumov’s work is exceptional in that it serves as a point of focus for those
in many disciplines to have another look at (1) the traditional sanitary engineering
idea of stream, lake or estuary waste assimilative capacity used in the U.S. and
elsewhere, (2) the eastern European concept of hydrobiology, and (3) Russian
concept of biogeochemical cycling in surface waters. Sergei Ostroumov is
pioneering the application of ecological and biological principles to redefine
assimilative capacity, especially beyond the effects of bacteria and other microbes
and nutrient cycling. In particular, I am excited about developing concepts to explore
the hazardous waste assimilative capacity in broad ranges of aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems. I look forward to developing rigorous protocols and designing methods
for the emerging field of phytoremediation (using green plants, especially the plant