Table Of Content

Xin Zhang Editor Biological Effects of Static Magnetic Fields Second Edition Biological Effects of Static Magnetic Fields Xin Zhang Editor Biological Effects of Static Magnetic Fields Second Edition Editor XinZhang CASKeyLaboratoryofHighMagnetic FieldandIonBeamPhysicalBiology HighMagneticFieldLaboratoryof ChineseAcademyofSciences(CHMFL), HFIPS,CAS Hefei,Anhui,China ISBN978-981-19-8868-4 ISBN978-981-19-8869-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8869-1 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2017,2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsofreprinting,reuseofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Abstract: With the development of magnet technology, the potential impacts of magnetic fields on human health have caused increasing concerns. On the other hand, although permanent magnets have been used in magnetotherapy a long time ago, their effectiveness has always been debated. This is partially due to the discrepancy in reported static magnetic field (SMF) bioeffects, as well as an incomplete understanding about the underlying physical and biological mechanisms. Fortunately, recent conceptual and technological advances have revealed that the previously reported inconsistencies are mainly caused by experimental setup variations, such as magnetic field type, strength, distribution, treatment procedure as well as magnetic properties of various biological samples. The purpose of this book is to review current scientific evidence and summarize the emerging topic about the effects of SMFs on biological samples ranging from single molecules, subcellular compartments, cells to whole organisms. We will also summarize reported effects of SMFs on cancer, the immune and nervous system, bone and diabetes, etc. We realize that the ambiguities in this field can be resolved, or at least much reduced by combining advanced techniques and concepts in interdisciplinary research, as well as standardized double-blind experiments and data analysis. These will not only help clarify most dilemmas in this field, achieve a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, but also enable future rational design and applications of SMFs in clinical diagnosis and therapy. Preface Withthedevelopmentofmoderntechnology,peopleareexposedtovarioustypesof magnetic fields, which include static magnetic field (SMF), whose magnetic flux densityanddistributiondonotchangeovertime,aswellastime-varying magnetic fieldsofdifferentfrequencies.ThemostcommonlyseenSMFsincludethemoderate SMFs generated by permanent magnets that exist everywhere, and higher SMFs generated by the core component of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines formedicaldiagnosis(mostclinicalandpreclinicalMRIsare~0.5–9.4T).Accord- ingly, WHO (World Health Organization) and ICNIRP (International commission on nonionizing radiation protection) have published guidelines for the SMF expo- sureofhumanbodiestoensurethatpeoplearenotoverexposed.Ontheotherhand, magnetictherapy,althoughnotinthemainstreammedicine,hasbeenwidelyusedby manypeopleworldwideasalternativeorsupplementarytreatments.Thegoalofthis bookistosummarizecurrentscientificevidenceforthebiologicaleffectsofSMFs, including the observed phenomenon, their underlying mechanisms, as well as the studylimitations.Althoughthecurrentliteratureconcerningbioeffectsofmagnetic fields is replete with reports that are often not reproducible by other independent labs, we found that it is mostly caused by magnetic field parameter and biological samplevariations,aswellasaninsufficientunderstandingofthismultidisciplinary andinterdisciplinaryareathatinvolvesbiology,physics,chemistry,andengineering. Moreover, the potential experimenter bias may also be a nonnegligible factor. Therefore, we encourage people to not only perform double-blinded analysis in independentstudies,butalsoclearlydescribealltheexperimentaldetailsaboutthe magnetic field, biological samples, and the experimental procedure which will be crucialforpeopletoperformfurthersubjectiveanalysisandmechanisticinvestiga- tions.Itshouldbementioned thatwewill notcover magneticnanoparticle studies, whichhavepromisingtherapeuticapplicationpotentialsinmedicine;wewillfocus on the externally applied SMFs on human and animal objects, as well as their magnetic properties, but not elaborate on the weak magnetic fields produced by theelectriccurrentsinourbrain,heart,ormuscle,whichisanotherpromisingnew area formedicalapplications. We trytocover most aspects of biological effects of vii viii Preface SMFsbutalsowanttoapologizeforanymissedresearchfindingsthathavenotbeen includedinthisbook.Ourgoalistryingtoprovidepeoplewithanoverviewofthe currentunderstandingofthebiologicaleffectsofSMFsandhopetoencouragemore scientists to get involved in this field so that we can get a clearer view in the near future. Hefei,China XinZhang Contents 1 MagneticFieldParametersandBiologicalSampleDifferences ThatLeadtoDifferentialBioeffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 XinZhang 2 StaticMagneticFieldDirection-InducedDifferentialBiological Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 BiaoYuandXinZhang 3 MagneticPropertiesofBiologicalSamples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 RuowenGuo,LeiZhang,HanxiaoChen,HaifengDu,ZheQu, andXinZhang 4 MolecularMechanismsforElectromagneticFieldBiosensing. . . .. 75 KrisDammen-Brower,AviSardana,andKevinJ.Yarema 5 ControllingCellMembranePotentialwithStaticNonuniform MagneticFields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 VitaliiZablotskii,TatyanaPolyakova,andAlexandrDejneka 6 ImpactofStaticMagneticFieldsonCells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 XinmiaoJiandXinZhang 7 ImpactofSMFsonMicroorganisms,Plants,andAnimals. . . . . . . 187 BaolinYang,LeiCheng,ZichengLiu,YananZhao,andAnXu 8 StaticMagneticFieldsonHumanBodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 XinZhang 9 PotentialApplicationsofStaticMagneticFieldsinCancer Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 XinZhang ix x Contents 10 EffectsofStaticMagneticFieldsonDiabetesand ItsComplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 ChuanlinFeng,BiaoYu,andXinZhang 11 ImpactsofStaticMagneticFieldonBoneHealth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 HuanhuanLv,JianchengYang,andYanruXue 12 EffectsofStaticMagneticFieldsontheImmuneSystem. . . . . . . . . 337 XinyuWangandXinZhang 13 BiologicalEffectsofStaticMagneticFieldsontheNervous System. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 355 YueLvandXinZhang 14 TheBiologicalEffectsofLong-TermStaticMagneticField Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 HanxiaoChenandXinZhang 15 Prospects,Pitfalls,andOpportunitiesforHumanStaticMagnetic FieldTherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 PaigeEplerandKevinJ.Yarema