Biological DNA Sensor. The Impact of Nucleic Acids on Diseases and Vaccinology PDF
Preview Biological DNA Sensor. The Impact of Nucleic Acids on Diseases and Vaccinology
BIOLOGICAL DNA SENSOR The Impact of Nucleic Acids on Diseases and Vaccinology BIOLOGICAL DNA SENSOR The Impact of Nucleic Acids on Diseases and Vaccinology KEN J. ISHII Vaccine Science Laboratory, Immunology Frontier Research Centre (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan and Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), Osaka, Japan CHOON KIT TANG Vaccine Science Laboratory, Immunology Frontier Research Centre (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively, visit the Science and Technology Books website at www.elsevierdirect. com/rights for further information. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-404732-7 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India www.adi-mps.com Printed and bound in United States of America 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Shizuo Akira Host Defense Laboratory, IFReC, Osaka University, Japan Moshe Arditi Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, USA Glen N. Barber Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA Andrew G. Bowie School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Michael P. Cancro Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Cevayir Coban Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Timothy R. Crother Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, USA Christophe J. Desmet Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Interdisciplinary Cluster of Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA) – Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Katherine A. Fitzgerald Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA S. Gasser Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore S.W.S. Ho Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore xi xii List of Contributors Ken J. Ishii Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan; Vaccine Science Laboratory, Immunology Frontier Research Centre (IFReC), Osaka University, Japan Nao Jounai Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan Taro Kawai Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Kouji Kobiyama Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan C.X. Koo Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan A.R. Lam Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore N. Le Bert Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore Laurel L. Lenz Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA Ann Marshak-Rothstein Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA Jan Naujoks Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Bastian Opitz Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Søren R. Paludan Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, University of Aarhus, The Bartholin Building, Aarhus C, Denmark Surya Pandey Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan List of Contributors xiii Vijay A.K. Rathinam Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA Tatsuya Saitoh Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan Rebecca Schmidt Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA Y.J. Shen Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology, Centre for Life Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore Kenichi Shimada Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, USA Fumihiko Takeshita Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan Choon Kit Tang Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, IFReC, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Miyuki Tozuka Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan Sivapriya Kailasan Vanaja Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA PREFACE Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the fundamental molecule that packs genetic instructions for the development of living organisms, has been dis- covered to hold yet another vital function for our biology – inflammation. The fact that DNA is an abundant commodity in our body and causes its immunogenic property is one that cannot be taken lightly. Now, we know that DNA induced inflammation is responsible for the pathogenicity of autoimmune and infectious diseases and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, we have evidence that DNA induced inflammation is involved in the development of cancer. Therefore the awareness of the immunogenic nature of dsDNA has provided us with the opportunity to gain further insights into the workings of human diseases. DNA seemed to be an ironic choice as a trigger molecule for inflammation. After all, who would expect that self-products containing our genetic blueprint could turn against us and induce adverse inflammatory reactions upon detection by the immune system? However, on deeper reflection, it does make practi- cal sense to have nucleic acids as signaling entities that sound off the alarm to indicate impending danger to the body. Pathogens including viruses, bacteria and parasites, like human beings, have their genetic information stored in nucleic acids. Their invasion into the host system is likely to be associated with the introduction of their genetic materials and therefore it would be the most appropriate indication of pathogenic invasion. On the other hand, the release of our own DNA into the surrounding physi- ological environment could also indicate cell death as a result of trauma, which may invite infection to occur and require immune defenses to be put in place. Therefore in more ways than one, DNA is an aptly chosen alarm molecule for the immune system to react to danger. Regarding the potential impact it has on various aspects of our health, we have seen an explosion of research on DNA sensing in the past eight years. This surge in publication was due in part to the discovery that DNA could be sensed not only by TLR9 in the endosomes, but also by sensors present in the cytosol. More importantly, DNA from pathogens as well as from mamma- lian derived sources is equally potent in inducing inflammation. It is the purpose of this book to bring together the research on the signaling mechanism of DNA induced inflammation as well as its impact on diseases and vaccinology. The book has three sections: In Section I, xv xvi Preface Ishii, Fitzgerald, Barber and Saitoh discuss the signaling pathway leading to DNA induced inflammation, in Section II, Kawai, Marshak-Rothstein, Opitz, Bowie, Gasser and Arditi discuss the impact of DNA inflamma- tion on human diseases and lastly, in Section III, Coban, Desmet and Lenz comment on how the inflammatory response of DNA could influence the outcome of vaccination in DNA vaccination strategies and adjuvants tar- geting the DNA sensing pathway. We are greatly indebted to the contributors whose participation and cooperation made this book possible. We thank them for their patience with our persistent requests for completion of their manuscript. We are appreciative for the editorial and technical assistance provided by Elizabeth Gibson and Mary Preap. To the publisher we are grateful for this timely opportunity to consolidate the wealth of knowledge we have acquired on DNA sensing which could facilitate future investigations. Lastly, we would like to pay tribute to Alick Issacs and his colleagues who were way ahead of their time in that they had the audacity to identify a molecule that is so fundamental to our existence, namely, DNA, as a danger signaling molecule. 1 CHAPTER Route to Discovering the Immunogenic Properties of DNA from TLR9 to Cytosolic DNA Sensors Choon Kit Tang1,2,3,4, Cevayir Coban2, Shizuo Akira3 and Ken J. Ishii1,4 1Vaccine Science Laboratory, Immunology Frontier Research Centre (IFReC), Osaka University, Japan 2Malaria Immunology Laboratory, IFReC, Osaka University, Japan 3Host Defense Laboratory, IFReC, Osaka University, Japan 4Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), Saito-Asagi, Osaka, Japan INTRODUCTION The innate immune system relies on cues in the form of products released during injury or pathogenic invasion for its activation. Immunologists have come to appreciate deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as one of such products that signal danger to the innate immune system and induce inflammation. For example, uncleared DNA released during mechanical injury to tissues or the introduction of viral and bacterial DNA during infection was found to elicit inflammatory responses. This immune response induced by DNA is not a random process but rather it is detected by specific receptors that trig- ger distinct cell signaling pathways to produce inflammatory products. Our journey in understanding the mechanism of DNA sensing and inflamma- tion began with the discovery of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in endosomal compartments and its ability to detect CpG motifs present specifically in the DNA of microbes. The immune response generated by TLR9 detec- tion of CpG DNA is potent and capable of protection against pathogenic infection and it was also studied for applications in vaccine adjuvants. It was realized however that TLR9 could not be the sole DNA sensor present in the cell as inflammation induced by DNA persisted despite the absence of TLR9. This was not clearly understood until it was realized that DNA when directly introduced into the cytosol of cells could elicit potent type- I-interferon (type-I-IFN) responses that were independent of TLR9 but completely relied on the TBK1–IRF3 signaling axis. This discovery led to the conclusion that there are other sensors of DNA present in the cytosol and not in the endosomal compartments which could induce inflammation. Biological DNA Sensor. © 22001144 Elsevier Inc. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-404732-7.00001-0 All rights reserved. 3 4 Immunogenic Properties of DNA from TLR9 to Cytosolic DNA Sensors Figure 1.1 The current understanding of the DNA sensing pathways. Yellow oval buttons depict identified DNA sensors; blue and pink square buttons are the signaling/adaptor molecules and transcription factors involved in the particular pathway; purple tubes are ◢ positive and ◣ negative regulators of the pathways. Since then, several cytosolic DNA sensors have been published and more continue to be reported (Figure 1.1). In this chapter, we will reflect on our early understanding of the immunogenic properties of dsDNA and give a chronological account of the journey we have taken to discover the indi- vidual cellular DNA sensors that have played important roles in mediating DNA induced inflammation. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM PAMPS and DAMPs The immune responses of higher animals can be broadly categorized into those of the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. They differ in the cell types and cytokines involved as well as the level of speci- ficity and most importantly the responding time. Adaptive immunity pro- vides protection with high degree of specificity and efficiency by targeting antigens present on the invading pathogen. This is put in place through a
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