Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Species (NAS, ANP, 2004) WW PDF
Preview Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Species (NAS, ANP, 2004) WW
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, DC www.nap.edu Committee on Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Board on Life Sciences Division on Earth and Life Studies Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10880.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Govern- ing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineer- ing, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Agreement No. 59-0790-1-182 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Any opinions, find- ings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biological confinement of genetically engineered organisms / Committee on Biologi- cal Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Board on Life Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Studies. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-309-09085-7 (hardcover)—ISBN 0-309-52778-3 (pdf) 1. Transgenic organisms—Safety measures. 2. Confinement farms. 3. Agricultural biotechnology. 4. Infertility in animals. 5. Transgenic organisms—Risk assessment. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Biological Confinement of Ge- netically Engineered Organisms. QH442.6.B54 2004 577'.18—dc22 2004004051 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu Copyright 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10880.html The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Acad- emy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engi- neers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineer- ing programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sci- ences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its con- gressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the gov- ernment, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10880.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10880.html v COMMITTEE ON BIOLOGICAL CONFINEMENT OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS T. KENT KIRK, Chair, University of Wisconsin, Madison JOHN E. CARLSON, Pennsylvania State University, University Park NORMAN ELLSTRAND, University of California, Riverside ANNE R. KAPUSCINSKI, University of Minnesota, St. Paul THOMAS A. LUMPKIN, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan DAVID C. MAGNUS, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California DANIEL B. MAGRAW, JR., Center for International Environmental Law, Washington, DC EUGENE W. NESTER, University of Washington, Seattle JOHN J. PELOQUIN, American Protein Corporation, Inc., Ames, Iowa ALLISON A. SNOW, The Ohio State University, Columbus MARIAM B. STICKLEN, Michigan State University, East Lansing PAUL E. TURNER, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut STAFF KIM WADDELL, Study Director MICHAEL KISIELEWSKI, Research Assistant PETER RODGERS, Research Intern DONNA WILKINSON, Research Intern ANNE H. KELLY, Editor CINDY LOCHHEAD, Project Assistant JULIE COFFIN, Project Assistant Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10880.html vi COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, HEALTH, AND THE ENVIRONMENT BARBARA SCHAAL, Chair, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri DAVID ANDOW, University of Minnesota, St. Paul FREDERICK AUSUBEL, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts NEAL FIRST, University of Wisconsin, Madison LYNN FREWER, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom HENRY GHOLZ, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia EDWARD GROTH, Consumers Union, Yonkers, New York ERIC HALLERMAN, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg RICHARD HARWOOD, Michigan State University, East Lansing CALESTOUS JUMA, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts SAMUEL LEHRER, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana SANFORD MILLER, Center for Food and Nutrition Policy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Alexandria PHILIP PARDEY, University of Minnesota, St. Paul PER PINSTRUP-ANDERSON, Cornell University, Ithaca, New Yor ELLEN SILBERGELD, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland ROBERT SMITH, R.E. Smith Consulting, Inc., Newport, Vermont ALLISON SNOW, Ohio State University, Columbus PAUL THOMPSON, Michigan State University, East Lansing DIANA WALL, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10880.html vii BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MAY BERENBAUM, Chair, University of Illinois, Urbana SANDRA BARTHOLMEY, University of Illinois, Chicago DEBORAH BLUM, University of Wisconsin, Madison H. H. CHENG, University of Minnesota, St. Paul BARBARA P. GLENN, Biotechnology Industry Organization, Washington, DC LINDA F. GOLODNER, National Consumers League, Washington, DC W. R. (REG) GOMES, University of California, Oakland PERRY R. HAGENSTEIN, Institute for Forest Analysis, Planning, and Policy, Wayland, Massachusetts JANET C. KING, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Center, Oakland, California DANIEL P. LOUCKS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York WHITNEY MACMILLAN, Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota TERRY L. MEDLEY, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, Wilmington, Delaware OLE NIELSEN, Ontario Veterinary College, Canada ALICE N. PELL, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York BOBBY PHILLS, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee SHARRON S. QUISENBERRY, Virgnia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg SONYA B. SALAMON, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana G. EDWARD SCHUH, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, Minneapolis, Minnesota BRIAN J. STASKAWICZ, University of California, Berkeley JACK WARD THOMAS, University of Montana, Missoula JAMES H. TUMLINSON, Pennsylvania State University, University Park B. L. TURNER, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts STAFF CHARLOTTE KIRK BAER, Director KAREN IMHOF, Administrative Assistant Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10880.html viii BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES COREY S. GOODMAN, Chair, University of California, Berkeley RUTH BERKELMAN, Emory University, Atlanta R. ALTA CHARO, University of Wisconsin, Madison DENNIS CHOI, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania JOANNE CHORY, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California JEFFREY L. DANGL, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill PAUL R. EHRLICH, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California JAMES M. GENTILE, Hope College, Holland, Michigan LINDA GREER, Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC ED HARLOW, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts DAVID HILLIS, University of Texas, Austin KENNETH F. KELLER, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis RANDALL MURCH, Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, Virginia GREGORY A. PETSKO, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts STUART L. PIMM, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina BARBARA A. SCHAAL, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri JAMES TIEDJE, Michigan State University, East Lansing KEITH YAMAMOTO, University of California, San Francisco STAFF FRANCES SHARPLES, Director DENISE GROSSHANS, Senior Project Assistant Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10880.html ix Acknowledgments This report represents the integrated efforts of many individuals. The committee thanks all those who shared their insight and knowledge to bring the document to fruition. We also thank all those who provided information at our public meetings and who participated in our public sessions. During the course of its deliberations, the committee sought assistance from several people who gave generously of their time to provide advice and information that were considered in its deliberations. Special thanks are due the following: WILLY DE GREEF, Syngenta Seeds, Basel, Switzerland CATHLEEN ENRIGHT, APHIS / USDA, Riverdale, Maryland PHILIP J. EPPARD, Monsanto Protein Technologies, St. Louis, Missouri PAL MALIGA, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey MICHAEL H. PAULY, Epicyte Pharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, California JANE RISSLER, Union of Concerned Scientists, Washington, DC MICHAEL SCHECHTMAN, USDA, Washington, DC ANTHONY M. SHELTON, Cornell University, Geneva, New York STEVEN H. STRAUSS, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon The committee is grateful to members of the National Research Council (NRC) staff who worked diligently to maintain progress and quality in its work. We also would like to thank Robert McDonald, Melissa Brandt, Sarah De Belen, Tazeen Hasan, and Rene Milet for their research assistance. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10880.html x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with proce- dures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Com- mittee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: DAVID ADELMAN, University of Arizona College of Law, Tucson, Arizona KLAUS AMMANN, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland R. JEFFREY BURKHARDT, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida JEFFREY DANGL, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina DONALD N. DUVICK, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa VIRGINIA S. HINSHAW, University of California, Davis, California CALESTOUS JUMA, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts STEVEN E. LINDOW, University of California, Berkeley, California TERRY MEDLEY, DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition, Wilmington, Delaware WILLIAM MUIR, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana CHRISTOPHER SOMERVILLE, Stanford University, Stanford, California STEVEN STRAUSS, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon GREG TRAXLER, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Dr. Robert A. Frosch, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Dr. Fred Gould, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. Appointed by the National Research Council, they were responsible for making certain that an independent ex- amination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Re- sponsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10880.html
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