Biological approaches in dye-containing wastewater. Volume 1 PDF
Preview Biological approaches in dye-containing wastewater. Volume 1
Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry Ali Khadir Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu Editors Biological Approaches in Dye-Containing Wastewater Volume 1 Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry SeriesEditor SubramanianSenthilkannanMuthu,HeadofSustainability,SgTandAPI, Kowloon,HongKong Thisseriesaimstoaddressallissuesrelatedtosustainabilitythroughthelifecycles oftextilesfrommanufacturingtoconsumerbehaviorthroughsustainabledisposal. Potentialtopicsincludebutarenotlimitedto:EnvironmentalFootprintsofTextile manufacturing;EnvironmentalLifeCycleAssessmentofTextileproduction;Envi- ronmentalimpactmodelsofTextilesandClothingSupplyChain;ClothingSupply Chain Sustainability; Carbon, energy and water footprints of textile products and intheclothingmanufacturingchain;Functionallifeandreusabilityoftextileprod- ucts;Biodegradabletextileproductsandtheassessmentofbiodegradability;Waste managementintextileindustry;Pollutionabatementintextilesector;Recycledtextile materialsandtheevaluationofrecycling;ConsumerbehaviorinSustainableTextiles; Eco-design in Clothing & Apparels; Sustainable polymers & fibers in Textiles; Sustainable waste water treatments in Textile manufacturing; Sustainable Textile ChemicalsinTextilemanufacturing.Innovativefibres,processes,methodsandtech- nologies for Sustainable textiles; Development of sustainable, eco-friendly textile productsandprocesses;Environmentalstandardsfortextileindustry;Modellingof environmentalimpactsoftextileproducts;GreenChemistry,cleantechnologyand theirapplicationstotextilesandclothingsector;Eco-productionofApparels,Energy andWaterEfficienttextiles.SustainableSmarttextiles&polymers,SustainableNano fibersandTextiles;SustainableInnovationsinTextileChemistry&Manufacturing; Circular Economy, Advances in Sustainable Textiles Manufacturing; Sustainable Luxury&Craftsmanship;ZeroWasteTextiles. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/16490 · Ali Khadir Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu Editors Biological Approaches in Dye-Containing Wastewater Volume 1 Editors AliKhadir SubramanianSenthilkannanMuthu WesternUniversity SgTGroupandAPI LondonOntario,ON,Canada HongKong,Kowloon,HongKong ISSN2662-7108 ISSN2662-7116 (electronic) SustainableTextiles:Production,Processing,Manufacturing&Chemistry ISBN978-981-19-0544-5 ISBN978-981-19-0545-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0545-2 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents OverviewofBiologicalTechnologiesforAzoDyeRemoval ............. 1 L.P.SilvaJúnior,I.R.M.Câmara,A.B.S.daSilva,F.M.Amaral, F.Motteran,B.S.Fernandes,andS.Gavazza Fundamental of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes in Dye Wastewater ....................................................... 39 PallaviJain,A.GeethaBhavani,PrashantSingh,andMadhurBabuSingh AerobicBiologicalUnitsinDyeRemoval ............................ 57 AizaAzam, GulzarMuhammad, MuhammadArshadRaza, MuhammadMudassirIqbal, MuhammadShahbazAslam, AdnanAshraf,andTaniaSaif AnaerobicProcessesinDyeRemoval ................................ 95 AshutoshVashisht, RohitRai, SapnaThakur, SatishKondal, KumudAshishSingh,Manju,DikshaSharma,andVishakhaGilhotra ActivatedSludge:ConventionalDyeTreatmentTechnique ............ 119 RudyLaksmonoWidajatno, EdwanKardena, NurNovilinaArifianingsih,andQomarudinHelmy RoleofMovingBedBioreactor(MBBR)inDyeRemoval .............. 155 RoumiBhattacharya Up-FlowAnaerobicSludgeBlanketReactorsinDyeRemoval: Mechanisms,InfluenceFactors,andPerformance .................... 201 RoneideAlmeidaandClaudineideSouzaGuimarães CurrentBiologicalApproachesinDyeWastewaterTreatment ReviewonSequentialAerobic/AnaerobicBatchReactorsforDye Removal .......................................................... 229 DiwakarKumarandSunilKumarGupta v vi Contents Aerobic/AnaerobicMembraneBioreactorinTextileWastewater ....... 245 JiayuanJi,YemeiLi,andJialingNi ConstructedWetlandsinDyeRemoval .............................. 273 ChandraWahyuPurnomoandFitriRamdani About the Editors Ali Khadir is an environmental engineer and a member of the Young Researcher and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University of Shahre Rey Branch, Tehran, Iran. He haspublishedseveralarticlesandbookchaptersinreputedinternationalpublishers, including Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, and Wiley. His articles have been publishedinjournalswithIFofgreaterthan4,includingJournalofEnvironmental ChemicalEngineeringandInternationalJournalofBiologicalMacromolecules.He also has been the reviewer of journals and international conferences. His research interestscenteronemergingpollutants,dyes,andpharmaceuticalsinaquaticmedia, advancedwater,andwastewaterremediationtechniquesandtechnology. Dr.SubramanianSenthilkannanMuthucurrentlyworksforSgTGroupasHead ofSustainability,andisbasedoutofHongKong.HeearnedhisPh.D.fromTheHong KongPolytechnicUniversity,andisarenownedexpertintheareasofEnvironmental SustainabilityinTextiles&ClothingSupplyChain,ProductLifeCycleAssessment (LCA),andProductCarbonFootprintAssessment(PCF)invariousindustrialsectors. Hehasfiveyearsofindustrialexperienceintextilemanufacturing,researchanddevel- opmentandtextiletestingandoveradecadeofexperienceinlifecycleassessment (LCA),carbonandecologicalfootprintsassessmentofvariousconsumerproducts. Hehaspublishedmorethan100researchpublications,writtennumerousbookchap- ters,andauthored/editedover100booksintheareasofCarbonFootprint,Recycling, EnvironmentalAssessment,andEnvironmentalSustainability. vii Overview of Biological Technologies for Azo Dye Removal L.P.SilvaJúnior,I.R.M.Câmara,A.B.S.daSilva,F.M.Amaral, F.Motteran,B.S.Fernandes,andS.Gavazza Abstract Thetextileindustrysegmenthasbeencontinuouslyexpandedandisone ofthemostexpressiveconsumersofchemicalproducts,dyes,andwater.Asaresult, the sector is responsible for generating a large amount of industrial wastewater. These effluents are highly toxic and potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic. Azo dyes are widely used in the textile industry; thus, they are commonly found in its wastewater. This chapter approaches the main processes of azo dyes removal andbiodegradation,highlightingthemostusedandeffectivereactorconfigurations. Whileanaerobicreactorsaremostefficientforcombinedcolorandorganicmatter removal,aerobicreactorsarerequiredtomineralizearomaticamines,byproductsof azo dye degradation. Therefore, combination of anaerobic and aerobic reactors is desired.Thefollowingtopicsarealsocovered:theinfluenceofoperationalparame- ters;effectivenessofapplyingone-ortwo-stages(aerobicandanaerobic)processes; andmetabolism,stoichiometry,andbyproductformation.SequencingBatchReac- tors(SBR)arethemostusedone-stagesystem,showinggoodremovalefficiencies. UpflowAnaerobicSludgeBlanket(UASB)andExpandedGranularSludgeBlanket (EGSB)reactorswereeffectivelyusedasanaerobicreactors,whiledifferentbiofilm aerobicreactorsshowedexcellentperformanceonremovingaromaticamines. · · · Keywords Textilewastewater Effluenttreatment Recalcitranteffluent · · · Aromaticamines Environmentalcontamination Biodegradation · · · Anaerobic–aerobicdegradation Reactorconfiguration Two-stagesystems Metabolismofmicroorganisms 1 Introduction In2020,theglobaltextilemarketwasestimatedatUS$1000billion,withexpected growth given in Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.4% from 2021 to L.P.SilvaJúnior·I.R.M.Câmara·A.B.S.daSilva·F.M.Amaral·F.Motteran· B B.S.Fernandes·S.Gavazza( ) DepartmentofCivilEngineering,FederalUniversityofPernambuco(UFPE),AcadêmicoHélio RamosAvenue,s/n,Recife,PE50,740–530,Brazil e-mail:[email protected] ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2022 1 A.Khadiretal.(eds.),BiologicalApproachesinDye-ContainingWastewater,Sustainable Textiles:Production,Processing,Manufacturing&Chemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0545-2_1 2 L.P.SilvaJúnioretal. 2028.PacificAsiaaloneaccountedforover47%oftheglobalrevenuein2020[48]. China is the world leader in the production and export of textile and clothing raw materials, followed by the United States, which is considered the main producer andexporterofrawcotton,inadditiontobeingthelargestimporterofrawtextiles andclothing[83].Indiaisconsideredthethird-largesttextilemanufacturingindustry [83]. The largest textile producer countries in the world, by region, are the United StatesinNorthAmerica,BrazilinCentralandSouthAmerica,GermanyinEurope, SaudiArabiaintheMiddleEast&Africa,andChinaintheAsiaPacific[48]. Thetextilesegmentisoneofthemostexpressiveconsumersofchemicalproducts, dyes,andwater.Asaresult,thissectorisresponsiblefordischargingalargeamountof highlytoxicandpotentiallycarcinogenicandmutagenicwastewater[11,47].This wastewater is characterized by high contents of organic matter, suspended solids, chemicaloxygendemand(COD),salinity,andfrequently,sulfate.Lowbiochemical oxygendemand(BOD)andCODratio,togetherwithintensecolor,complementthe compositionandgivesomuchchallengetotreatthiswastewater[29,121]. Themostuseddyesintheindustries,amongtheorganicdyes,areoftheazotype. Characterizedbythechromophoreazobond(-N=N-)inthemolecularstructure, theypresenttoxiccharacteristics.Inaddition,theirbiodegradationleadstotheforma- tionofaromaticamines,whichareoftenequallyormoretoxictotheenvironment thanthedyeitself[2,5,90]. In order to treat the wastewater from the textile industry, physicochemical processeshavebeenfrequentlystudiedandapplied[84,98,99,115].However,these technologiespresenthighenergydemandandmaintenancecostandmaynotminer- alizethetoxiccompounds, whichmakes themlessviableforlow-incomeregions. Thesetreatmentmethodsalsogeneratelargeamountsofnon-inertchemicalsludge, whichincreasesthecostoftreatmentanddisposalandmakestheprocessoftennot feasibleforsmallproducersandsmall-scaleindustries[60]. Inthiscontext,biologicalprocessesareinterestingalternativesbecausetheyare low-costandecologicallyfriendlytechnologies,removingcolorandreducingtoxi- city, frequently achieving compound biomineralization [121]. Among the existing technologies, the following stand out: anaerobic processes [4, 18, 39], aerobic processes[43,51],andmorerecently,sincethe90s,thecombinationofanaerobic and aerobic processes [9, 121] has been studied applying one-stage [7, 8, 16] and two-stagesystems[1,12],36;[58,87,94,112].Thesesolutionsbecomeinteresting, sincethebiologicaldegradationprocessofazodyesstartsinananaerobicenviron- mentforthereductivecleavageofazobonds,leadingtocolorremoval.Nonetheless, thebyproductsfromazodyedegradationareoftenhazardousrecalcitrantcompounds thatarebetterdegradedinanaerobicenvironment[17]. Finally,thischapterelucidatesthemaintechnologiesforthebiologicaltreatment ofeffluentsfromthetextileindustry,combiningaspectsofengineering,chemistry, andbiologicalprocess.
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