Biological and Pharmaceutical Nanomaterialss. Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences. Volume 2

421 Pages·5.012 MB·English

by  Kumar C. (Ed.)

V
Contents
Preface XIV
ListofContributors XVII
I DNA-basedNanomaterials 1
1 Self-assembledDNANanotubes 3
ThomLaBeanandSungHaPark
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 DNANanotubesSelf-assembledfromDXTiles 4
1.3 3DAE-EDXTileNanotubes 5
1.4 DAE-ODXTileNanotubes 9
1.5 TXTileNanotubes 11
1.6 4(cid:1)4TileNanotubes 14
1.7 6HBTileNanotubes 16
1.8 Applications 18
1.9 SummaryandPerspectives 19
References 20
2 NucleicAcidNanoparticles 23
GuyZuber,Be´ne´dictePonsandAndrewW.Fraley
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 TheChemicalandPhysicalPropertiesofTherapeuticDNA 25
2.3 PreparationofNucleicAcidNanoparticles:Synthesisand
Characterization 27
2.3.1 Rationale 27
2.3.2 Synthesis,CharacterizationandOptimizationofSurfactants 31
2.3.3 OrganizationoftheSurfactant–DNAComplexes 35
2.3.4 QuantificationoftheStabilityofSurfactant–DNAComplexes 35
2.4 DNAFunctionalizationforCellRecognitionandInternalization 37
2.4.1 StrategiesforFunctionalization 37
2.4.2 Intercalation 38
2.4.3 TripleHelixFormationwithOligodeoxyribonucleotides 39
NanotechnologiesfortheLifeSciences Vol.2
BiologicalandPharmaceuticalNanomaterials. EditedbyChallaS.S.R.Kumar
Copyright82006WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:3-527-31382-6
VI Contents
2.4.4 PeptideNucleicAcids(PNAs) 41
2.4.5 InteractionsofDNAwithFusionProteins 42
2.4.6 AgentsthatBindtotheMinorGroove 43
2.5 DNANanoparticles:SophisticationforCellRecognitionand
Internalization 43
2.5.1 PreparationofDNANanoparticlesEnvelopedwithaProtectiveCoatand
CellInternalizationElements 43
2.5.2 BiomedicalApplication:CellTargetingandInternalizationPropertiesof
Folate–PEG-coatedNanoparticles 46
2.6 ConcludingRemarks 46
References 47
3 Lipoplexes 51
SarahWeisman
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 DNALipoplexes 51
3.2.1 Composition 51
3.2.2 NanostructureandMicrostructure 52
3.2.2.1 EquilibriumMorphology 52
3.2.2.2 NonequilibriumMorphology 55
3.2.2.3 LipoplexSize 57
3.2.3 LipofectionEfficiency 57
3.2.3.1 InVitro 57
3.2.3.2 InVivo 59
3.3 ODNLipoplexes 60
3.4 siRNALipoplexes 62
Acknowledgments 62
References 62
4 DNA–ChitosanNanoparticlesforGeneTherapy:CurrentKnowledgeand
FutureTrends 68
JulioC.Fernandes,MarcioJose´TieraandFranc¸oiseM.Winnik
4.1 Introduction 68
4.2 ChitosanasaCarrierforGeneTherapy 69
4.2.1 ChitosanChemistry 69
4.2.2 GeneralStrategiesforChitosanModification 71
4.2.3 Chitosan–DNAinteractions:TransfectionEfficacyofUnmodified
Chitosan 71
4.3 ModifiedChitosans:StrategiestoImprovetheTransfection
Efficacy 79
4.3.1 TheEffectsofChargeDensity/SolubilityandDegreeofAcetylation
79
4.3.2 ImprovingthePhysicochemicalCharacteristicsoftheNanoparticulate
Systems:Solubility,AggregationandRESUptake 80
Contents VII
4.3.3 TargetingMediatedbyCellSurfaceReceptors 81
4.3.4 HydrophobicModification:ProtectingtheDNAandImprovingthe
InternalizationProcess 83
4.4 MethodsofPreparationofChitosanNanoparticles 84
4.4.1 ComplexCoacervation 84
4.4.2 CrosslinkingMethods 86
4.4.2.1 ChemicalCrosslinking 86
4.4.2.2 IonicCrosslinkingorIonicGelation 86
4.4.2.3 EmulsionCrosslinking 87
4.4.2.4 SprayDrying 88
4.4.2.5 OtherMethods 89
4.5 DNALoadingintoNano-andMicroparticlesofChitosan 91
4.6 DNAReleaseandReleaseKinetics 93
4.7 PreclinicalEvidenceofChitosan–DNAComplexEfficacy 95
4.8 PotentialClinicalApplicationsofChitosan–DNAinGeneTherapy 97
4.9 Conclusion 99
Acknowledgments 99
References 99
II Protein&Peptide-basedNanomaterials 115
5 PlantProtein-basedNanoparticles 117
Anne-MarieOrecchioni,Ce´cileDuclairoir,JuanManuelIracheand
EvelyneNakache
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 DescriptionofPlantProteins 118
5.2.1 PeaSeedProteins 119
5.2.2 WheatProteins 119
5.3 PreparationofProteinNanoparticles 120
5.3.1 PreparationofLeguminandVicilinNanoparticles 121
5.3.2 PreparationofGliadinNanoparticles 122
5.4 DrugEncapsulationinPlantProteinNanoparticles 124
5.4.1 RAEncapsulationinGliadinNanoparticles 124
5.4.2 VEEncapsulationinGliadinNanoparticles 125
5.4.3 Lipophilic,HydrophilicorAmphiphilicDrugEncapsulation 126
5.5 PreparationofLigand–GliadinNanoparticleConjugates 127
5.6 BioadhesivePropertiesofGliadinNanoparticles 129
5.6.1 ExVivoStudieswithGastrointestinalMucosalSegments 130
5.6.2 InVivoStudieswithLaboratoryAnimals 131
5.7 FuturePerspectives 135
5.7.1 SizeOptimization 135
5.7.2 ImmunizationinAnimals 136
5.8 Conclusion 137
References 137
VIII Contents
6 PeptideNanoparticles 145
KlausLanger
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 StartingMaterialsforthePreparationofNanoparticles 146
6.3 PreparationMethods 148
6.3.1 NanoparticlePreparationbyEmulsionTechniques 148
6.3.1.1 EmulsionTechniqueforthePreparationofAlbumin-based
MicrospheresandNanoparticles 148
6.3.1.2 EmulsionTechniqueforthePreparationofGelatin-basedMicrospheres
andNanoparticles 151
6.3.1.3 EmulsionTechniqueforthePreparationofCasein-basedMicrospheres
andNanoparticles 153
6.3.2 NanoparticlePreparationbyCoacervation 154
6.3.2.1 ComplexCoacervationTechniquesforthePreparationof
Nanoparticles 154
6.3.2.2 SimpleCoacervation(Desolvation)TechniquesforthePreparationof
Nanoparticles 155
6.4 BasicCharacterizationTechniquesforPeptideNanoparticles 159
6.5 DrugTargetingwithNanoparticles 161
6.5.1 PassiveDrugTargetingwithParticleSystems 163
6.5.2 ActiveDrugTargetingwithParticleSystems 163
6.5.3 SurfaceModificationsofProtein-basedNanoparticles 164
6.5.4 SurfaceModificationbyDifferentHydrophilicCompounds 164
6.5.5 SurfaceModificationbyPolyethyleneGlycol(PEG)Derivatives 165
6.5.6 SurfaceModificationbyDrug-targetingLigands 166
6.5.7 DifferentSurfaceModificationStrategies 168
6.6 ApplicationsasDrugCarriersandforDiagnosticPurposes 169
6.6.1 Protein-basedNanoparticlesinGeneTherapy 170
6.6.2 ParenteralApplicationRoute 172
6.6.2.1 PreclinicalStudieswithProtein-basedParticles 172
6.6.2.2 ClinicalStudieswithProtein-basedParticles 172
6.6.3 TopicalApplicationofProtein-basedParticles 174
6.6.4 PeroralApplicationofProtein-basedParticles 175
6.7 ImmunologicalReactionswithProtein-basedMicrospheres 175
6.8 ConcludingRemarks 176
References 176
7 AlbuminNanoparticles 185
JuanManuelIracheandSocorroEspuelas
7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 SerumAlbumin 186
7.3 PreparationofAlbuminNanoparticles 187
7.3.1 ‘‘Conventional’’AlbuminNanoparticles 188
7.3.1.1 PreparationofAlbuminNanoparticlesbyDesolvationor
Coacervation 189
Contents IX
7.3.1.2 PreparationofAlbuminNanoparticlesbyEmulsification 192
7.3.1.3 OtherTechniquestoPrepareAlbuminNanoparticles 193
7.3.2 Surface-modifiedAlbuminNanoparticles 193
7.3.3 DrugEncapsulationinAlbuminNanoparticles 194
7.4 BiodistributionofAlbuminNanoparticles 196
7.5 PharmaceuticalApplications 198
7.5.1 AlbuminNanoparticlesforDiagnosticPurposes 198
7.5.1.1 Radiopharmaceuticals 198
7.5.1.2 Echo-contrastAgents 199
7.5.2 AlbuminNanoparticlesasCarriersforOligonucleotidesandDNA
199
7.5.3 AlbuminNanoparticlesintheTreatmentofCancer 201
7.5.3.1 FluorouracilandMethotrexateDelivery 201
7.5.3.2 PaclitaxelDelivery 202
7.5.3.3 AlbuminNanoparticlesinSuicideGeneTherapy 203
7.5.4 MagneticAlbuminNanoparticles 204
7.5.5 AlbuminNanoparticlesforOcularDrugDelivery 205
7.5.5.1 TopicalDrugDelivery 205
7.5.5.2 IntravitrealDrugDelivery 205
7.6 ConcludingRemarks 207
References 208
8 NanoscalePatterningofS-LayerProteinsasaNaturalSelf-assembly
System 219
MargitSa´ra,D.Pum,C.Huber,N.Ilk,M.PleschbergerandU.B.Sleytr
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 GeneralPropertiesofS-Layers 220
8.2.1 Structure,Isolation,Self-AssemblyandRecrystallization 220
8.2.2 ChemistryandMolecularBiology 221
8.2.3 S-LayersasCarbohydrate-bindingProteins 223
8.3 NanoscalePatterningofS-LayerProteins 224
8.3.1 PropertiesofS-LayerProteinsRelevantforNanoscalePatterning
224
8.3.2 ImmobilizationofFunctionalitiesbyChemicalMethods 225
8.3.3 PatterningbyGeneticApproaches 226
8.3.3.1 TheS-LayerProteinsSbsA,SbsBandSbsC 226
8.3.3.2 S-LayerFusionProteins 228
8.4 SpatialControloverS-LayerReassembly 241
8.5 S-LayersasTemplatesfortheFormationofRegularlyArranged
Nanoparticles 242
8.5.1 BindingofMoleculesandNanoparticlestoFunctionalDomains 242
8.5.2 InSituSynthesisofNanoparticlesonS-Layers 244
8.6 ConclusionsandOutlook 244
Acknowledgments 245
References 245
X Contents
III PharmaceuticallyImportantNanomaterials 253
9 MethodsofPreparationofDrugNanoparticles 255
JonghwiLee,Gio-BinLimandHessonChung
9.1 Introduction 255
9.2 StructuresofDrugNanoparticles 257
9.3 ThermodynamicApproaches 257
9.3.1 Lipid-basedPharmaceuticalNanoparticles 258
9.3.2 WhatisaLipid? 259
9.3.3 LiquidCrystallinePhasesofHydratedLipidswithPlanarandCurved
Interfaces 260
9.3.4 Oil-in-water-typeLipidEmulsion 261
9.3.5 Liposomes 261
9.3.6 CubosomesandHexosomes 262
9.3.7 OtherLipid-basedPharmaceuticalNanoparticles 263
9.4 MechanicalApproaches 264
9.4.1 TypesofProcessing 264
9.4.2 CharacteristicsofWetComminution 266
9.4.3 DryingofLiquidNanodispersions 267
9.5 SCFApproaches 270
9.5.1 SCFCharacteristics 270
9.5.2 ClassificationofSCFParticleFormationProcesses 271
9.5.3 RESS 272
9.5.4 SAS 273
9.5.5 SEDS 274
9.6 ElectrostaticApproaches 275
9.6.1 ElectricalPotentialandInterfaces 275
9.6.2 Electrospraying 277
References 280
10 ProductionofBiofunctionalizedSolidLipidNanoparticlesforSite-specific
DrugDelivery 287
RainerH.Mu¨ller,ElianaB.Souto,TorstenGo¨ppertandSvenGohla
10.1 Introduction 287
10.2 ConceptofDifferentialAdsorption 289
10.3 ProductionofSLN 292
10.4 FunctionalizationbySurfaceModification 294
10.5 Conclusions 298
References 299
11 BiocompatibleNanoparticulateSystemsforTumorDiagnosisand
Therapy 304
MostafaSadoqi,SunilKumar,CesarLau-CamandVishalSaxena
11.1 Introduction 304
Contents XI
11.2 NanoscaleParticulateSystemsandtheirBuildingBlocks/
Components 305
11.2.1 Dendrimers 305
11.2.2 BuckyballsandBuckytubes 307
11.2.3 QuantumDots 309
11.2.4 PolymericMicelles 310
11.2.5 Liposomes 310
11.3 BiodegradableNanoparticles 312
11.3.1 PreparationofNanoparticles 313
11.4 BiodegradableOpticalNanoparticles 314
11.4.1 OpticalNanoparticlesasaPotentialTechnologyforTumor
Diagnosis 314
11.4.2 OpticalNanoparticlesasaPotentialTechnologyforTumor
Treatment 315
11.5 OpticalImagingandPDT 317
11.5.1 OpticalImaging 317
11.5.1.1 Fluorescence-basedOpticalImaging 317
11.5.1.2 NIRFluorescenceImaging 317
11.5.1.3 NIRDyesforFluorescenceImaging 318
11.5.2 PDT 318
11.5.2.1 BasisofPDT 319
11.5.2.2 PhotosensitizersforPDT 320
11.5.3 ICG:AnIdealPhotoactiveAgentforTumorDiagnosisand
Treatment 320
11.5.3.1 ClinicalUsesofICG 320
11.5.3.2 StructureandPhysicochemicalPropertiesofICG 321
11.5.3.3 BindingPropertiesofICG 321
11.5.3.4 Metabolism,ExcretionandPharmacokineticsofICG 322
11.5.3.5 ToxicityofICG 322
11.5.3.6 TumorImagingwithICG 322
11.5.3.7 PDTwithICG 323
11.5.3.8 LimitationsofICGforTumorDiagnosisandTreatment 324
11.5.3.9 RecentApproachesforImprovingtheBloodCirculationTimeand
UptakeofICGbyTumors 325
11.5.3.10 RecentApproachesforICGStabilizationInVitro 326
11.6 PLGA-basedNanoparticulateDeliverySystemforICG 327
11.6.1 RationaleofUsingaPLGA-basedNanoparticulateDeliverySystemfor
ICG 327
11.6.2 InVivoPharmacokineticsofICGSolutionsandNanoparticles 331
11.7 ConclusionsandFutureWork 336
References 338
12 NanoparticlesforCrossingBiologicalMembranes 349
R.Pawar,A.AvramoffandA.J.Domb
12.1 Introduction 349
XII Contents
12.2 CellMembranes 350
12.2.1 FunctionsofBiologicalMembranes 351
12.2.2 KineticandThermodynamicAspectsofBiologicalMembranes 352
12.3 ProblemsofDrugsCrossingthroughBiologicalMembranes 354
12.3.1 ThroughtheSkin 354
12.3.1.1 MechanicalIrritationofSkin 355
12.3.1.2 Low-voltageElectroporationoftheSkin 355
12.3.2 ThroughtheBBB 357
12.3.2.1 SmallDrugs 359
12.3.2.1.1LimitationsofSmallDrugs 359
12.3.2.2 PeptideDrugDeliveryviaSynBVectors 360
12.3.3 GIBarrier 360
12.3.3.1 IntestinalTranslocationandDisease 361
12.4 NanoparticulateDrugDelivery 362
12.4.1 Skin 363
12.4.1.1 SkinasSemipermeableNanoporousBarrier 363
12.4.1.2 HydrophilicPathwaythroughtheSkinBarrier 363
12.4.2 Solid-LipidNanoparticles(SLN)SkinDelivery 364
12.4.2.1 ChemicalStabilityofSLN 364
12.4.2.2 InVitroOcclusionofSLN 365
12.4.2.3 InVivoSLN:Occlusion,ElasticityandWrinkles 365
12.4.2.4 ActiveCompoundPenetrationintotheSkin 365
12.4.2.5 ControlledReleaseofCosmeticCompounds 365
12.4.2.6 NovelUVSunscreenSystemUsingSLN 366
12.4.3 Polymer-basedNanoparticulateDeliverytotheSkin 366
12.4.4 SubcutaneousNanoparticulateAntiepilepticDrugDelivery 366
12.4.5 NanoparticulateAnticancerDrugDelivery 367
12.4.5.1 Paclitaxel 368
12.4.5.2 Doxorubicin 368
12.4.5.3 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU) 369
12.4.5.4 AntineoplasticAgents 369
12.4.5.5 GeneDelivery 369
12.4.5.6 BreastCancer 370
12.4.6 NanofibersComposedofNonbiodegradablePolymer 370
12.4.6.1 ElectrostaticSpinning 371
12.4.6.2 ScanningElectronMicroscopy 371
12.4.6.3 DifferentialScanningCalorimetry(DSC) 371
12.5 NanoparticulateDeliverytotheBBB 371
12.5.1 PeptideDeliverytotheBBB 372
12.5.1.1 PeptideConjugationthroughaDisulfideBond 373
12.5.2 BiodegradablePolymerBasedNanoparticulateDeliverytoBBB 373
12.5.3 NanoparticulateGeneDeliverytotheBBB 374
12.5.4 MechanismofNanoparticulateDrugDeliverytotheBBB 375
12.5.5 NanoparticulateThiamine-coatedDeliverytotheBBB 376
12.5.6 NanoparticleOpticsandLivingCellImaging 376
Contents XIII
12.6 OralNanoparticulateDelivery 378
12.6.1 Lectin-conjugatedNanoparticulateOralDelivery 379
12.6.2 OralPeptideNanoparticulate-basedDelivery 380
12.6.3 Polymer-BasedOralPeptideNanoparticulateDelivery 381
12.6.3.1 PolyacrylamideNanospheres 381
12.6.3.2 Poly(alkylcyanoacrylate)PACANanocapsules 381
12.6.3.3 DerivatizedAminoAcidMicrospheres 382
12.6.4 LymphaticOralNanoparticulateDelivery 382
12.6.5 OralNanosuspensionDelivery 383
12.6.6 MucoadhesionofNanoparticlesafterOralAdministration 384
12.6.7 ProteinNanoparticulateOralDelivery 384
References 385
Index 394