Bioheat, biopower and biogas [electronic resource] : developments and implications for agriculture PDF
Preview Bioheat, biopower and biogas [electronic resource] : developments and implications for agriculture
A Bioheat, Biopower and Biogas DEVELOPMENTSANDIMPLICATIONS FORAGRICULTURE «• OECD Copyrightedmaterial Copyrightedmaterial Bioheat, Biopower and Biogas DEVELOPMENTSANDIMPLICATIONS FORAGRICULTURE OECD ORGANISATIONFORECONOMICCO-OPERATION ANDDEVELOPMENT TheOECDisauniqueforumwherethegovernmentsof30democraciesworktogetherto addresstheeconomic,socialandenvironmentalchallengesofglobalisation.TheOECDisalsoat theforefrontofeffortstounderstandandtohelpgovernmentsrespondtonewdevelopments andconcerns,suchascorporategovernance,theinformationeconomyandthechallengesofan ageingpopulation.TheOrganisationprovidesasettingwheregovernmentscancomparepolicy experiences,seekanswerstocommonproblems,identifygoodpracticeandworktoco-ordinate domesticandinternationalpolicies. TheOECDmembercountriesare:Australia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,theCzechRepublic, Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Korea, Luxembourg,Mexico,theNetherlands,NewZealand,Norway,Poland,Portugal,theSlovakRepublic, Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TUrkey,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.TheCommissionof theEuropeanCommunitiestakespartintheworkoftheOECD. OECDPublishingdisseminateswidelytheresultsoftheOrganisation’sstatisticsgathering andresearchoneconomic,socialandenvironmentalissues,aswellastheconventions, guidelinesandstandardsagreedbyitsmembers. Thisworkispublishedontheresponsibilityo/theSecretary-GeneraloftheOECD.Theopinions expressedandargumentsemployedhereindonotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialviewsofthe Organisationorofthegovernmentso/itsmembercountries. ISBN978-92-64-08586-2(PDF) DOI10.1787/9789264085862-en CorrigendatoOECDpublicationsmaybefoundonlineat:www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. ©OECD2010 Ydthaoatutabscauasinetascbolapenyda,cmdkuonlwotnwillmoeeadddigamoerpnrtpordoiufnctOtEsOCEiDnCDyaoscusoronoutrewcnnetdafooncrduymcooeupnrytrsoi,gwhpntreoussweenn,tearatniidsongysi,ovuebnl.cogaAsln,liwrneecbqlsuuiedtseetssexafconredrpptutbeslaicfchrioonrmgcmOoaEmtmCeerDiracpliusab,llipcurasoteviioadnnesdd, translationrightsshouldbesubmittedtorights@oecd.org.Requestsforpermissiontophotocopyportionsofthismaterialfor publicorcommercialuseshallbeaddresseddirectlytotheCopyrightClearanceCenter(CCC)[email protected] francaisd’exploitationdudroitdecopie(CFC)[email protected]. FOREWORD 3 Foreword Thisstudyisoneofseveralreportscarriedoutinthecontextofanalyses on market and policy-based approaches to bioenergy. It follows and complementsanearlierOECDstudyentitledBiofuelSupportPolicies-An EconomicAssessment,publishedin2008,andfocusesonbioenergychains otherthanliquidbiofuels. MartinvonLampe,agriculturaleconomistwiththeOECDDirectorate forTradeandAgriculture,isthemainauthorofthisstudy.Thesectionson commercialisedbiomasscrops,conversiontechnologiesandenvironmental performanceofalternativebioenergycrops,however,werecontributedby threeconsultants,D.B.Turley,H.ParryandR.Leybourn(CentralScience Laboratory,UK).Inaddition,manycolleaguesintheOECDandDelegates fromOECDmembercountriesprovidedvaluableinputandcommentsonan earlierdraft. BIOHEAT,BIOPOWERANDBIOGAS:DEVELOPMENTSANDIMPLICATIONSFORAGRICULTURE©OECD2010 Copyrightedmaterial 1 TABLEOFCONTENTS-5 TableofContents ExecutiveSummary 7 Introduction 11 Keyattributesofcommercialisedbiomasscrops 15 Conversiontechnologies 16 Combustion 16 Gasification 17 Conversionefficienciesforthermalprocesses 18 Combinedheatandpower(CHP)generation(cogeneration) 19 Anaerobicdigestion(AD) 19 Materialpreparation 20 Bioenergysupportpolicydevelopments 21 Theenvironmentalperformanceofalternativebioenergychains' 25 GHGsavings 25 Energybalance 31 Marketdevelopmentsintheoverallbioenergycontext 33 Costsofbioheat,biopowerandbiogasproduction 40 Implicationsforagriculture 40 Annex1.Technicalremarksonlive-cycleanalyses 45 References 5 Additionalreferencesforlifecycledata 53 BIOHEAT,BIOPOWERANDBIOGAS:DEVELOPMENTSANDIMPLICATIONSFORAGRICULTURE©OECD2010 Copyrightedmaterial EXECUTIVESUMMARY-7 ExecutiveSummary Bioenergy,orenergyproducedfrombiomass,receivesalotofattention bothatthepolicylevelandfromthepublic.PastOECDanalysisonpolicies supportingtheproductionanduseofliquidbiofuelsfortransport(OECD, 2008)hasshownthatotherformsofbioenergy,suchasbioheat,biopower andbiogas,couldrepresenteconomicallymoreviableandenvironmentally moreefficientwaystoreduceGHGemissionsandfossilfueluse,twoofthe high-rankingobjectivesbehindmostbioenergysupportpolicies.Thepresent reportaimstocomplementthisfirststudyinexplicitlylookingatthose formsofbioenergyandthepoliciessupportingthem. Bioenergy represents a rather heterogeneous portfolio ofdifferent biomassfeedstocksandconversiontechnologies.Whileparticularlyfirst- generationliquidbiofuelsaredominatedbyfeedstocksoriginatingfrom agricultural products, such as grains, sugar crops and oilseeds, non- agriculturalfeedstocks(suchasforestproductsandresidues,industrialand municipalwastes)and,toalesserextent,agriculturalresiduesandwastes, dominate in the generation of bioheat and biopower, resulting in substantiallylesscompetitionwiththeproductionoffoodandanimalfeed. Commercialisedbiomasscrops,whichcouldcompetewithlanduseforfood production,arebeingdeveloped,buttodayonlyplayaminorrole.Main technologiestoconvertbiomasstoheatand/orelectricalpowerincludethe directcombustion(partlyasco-firingwithfossilfuels),thegasificationand the anaerobic digestion producing biogas. Combined heat and power generationplantsallowimprovingtheenergyefficiencywiththeuseofthe remainingheatafterpowergenerationforspaceheatingorinindustrial applications. Beingpartoftherenewableenergyportfolio,heatandpowergeneration frombiomassbenefitsfrompublicsupportmeasuresinmanycountries.The objectivesofsuchsupportaremanyfoldandinparticularincludethe securityofenergysupply,environmentalimprovements,ruraldevelopment, andthegenerationofsupplementaryoutletsforagriculturalproducts.While anumberofcountrieshaveestablishednationalorregionaltargetsfor BIOHEAT,BIOPOWERANDBIOGAS:DEVELOPMENTSANDIMPLICATIONSFORAGRICULTURE©OECD2010 8-EXECUTIVESUMMARY renewableenergy,onlyafewhavedefinedspecifictargetsforbioheat and/orbiopower,includingGermany,Ireland,Japan,NewZealand,Norway, RomaniaandtheUS.Thepolicymeasuresappliedmostcommonlyinclude guaranteedpricesforrenewableelectricityorgasfedintothegrid,and investment subsidies. The application ofthese measures differs across countries,however,andiscomplementedbyalargesetofothersupport measures. Towhatdegreedoestheenvironmentalperformanceofthedifferent bioenergychainsmeettheobjectivesbehindthepoliticalsupport?While manyotherfactorsarerelevantinthiscontext,thepresentstudyfocuseson twomajorvariables:greenhousegas(GHG)savingsandenergybalances. Alargenumberofstudiesprovidinglife-cycleanalyses(LCAs)for bioheat,biopowerandbiogaschainswereevaluatedforthisstudy,andthe resultsindicatethatwhilethereissubstantialvariationintheGHGand energybalances,indeedmostofthesechainsshowimportantsavingsof GpaHrtGiculeamrilsysitornusewfhoreneleccotmripcairtyedprtoodutchteiomnaicnhaifonsss,ilwhaletreernaGtiHveGs.sTahviisngiss generallyrangebetween63%and99%whencomparedtotheuseofcoal, andbetween37%and98%whencomparedtotheuseofnaturalgas.While stillsignificant,savingswerefoundtobesmallerforheatapplications, thoughthismayreflectonthelowerefficiencyassociatedwithsmaller district,spaceheatinganddomesticheatingsystems.Ineithercase,GHG savingsformostchainsseemtobesignificantlyhigherthanforliquid biofuelchains. Whiletheaverageenergyefficiencyformostbiopowerchainsranges bwea2.nebh8etoervwMngeeJyecin1unosm0peMp.eJa3arrrienaeMndfpJdoe0rtuU0otn.dM8efJfoffrMooiruJctc,iaoienartnlhpcaiiensefrgsierrMeeoodJpffr0epbU2stio.,eo1wnhweteiMsratJthspicinlahgapannfeitisfren.iswcMawSJsnihttm0ueUidtfnlioaefscrossoirlmisnnpaaedavtinirucenerargatdgsliyntogginasnsava,vfatoilusanursngeaidssll gasandfueloilasfeedstocks. Dataontheproductionofbioheat,biopowerandbiogas,andparticularly onbiomassuse,isscarce,butavailabledataprovideacoupleofgeneral trends.First,onagloballevel,some10%oftotalprimaryenergydemandis metbyenergyfrombiomass,butalmosttwo-thirdsofthiscomefromnon- agriculturalsolidbiomassoutsidetheOECDarea.Whiledetaileddataare lackingitcanbeassumedthatmuchofthisistraditionalbiomass,suchas firewoodusedindevelopingcountriesforcookingandheating.Withinthe OECD,too,thevastmajorityofbioenergyisbasedonforestproductsand residues.Agriculturalbiomass-crops,residuesandwastes-onlyplaysa BIOHEAT,BIOPOWERANDBIOGAS:DEVELOPMENTSANDIMPLICATIONSFORAGRICULTUREOOECD2010
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