Biogranulation Technologies for Wastewater Treatment: Microbial granules

309 Pages·2006·2.63 MB·English

by  Joo-Hwa Tay

WASTEMANAGEMENTSERIES6
BIOGRANULATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Waste Management Series
Volume 1: Waste Materials in Construction: Science and Engineering
of Recycling for Environmental Protection
G.R. Woolley, J.J.J.M. Goumans and P.J. Wainwright
(Editors)
Volume 2: Geological Disposal of Radioactive Wastes and Natural
Analogues
W. Miller, R.Alexander, N. Chapman, I. McKinley and
J. Smellie
Volume 3: Principles and Standards for the Disposal of Long-lived
Radioactive Wastes
N. Chapman, S. McCombie (Editors)
Volume 4: Solid Waste:Assessment, Monitoring and Remediation
I. Twardowska, H.E.Allen,A.F. Kettrup, W.J. Lacy
Volume 5: OliveProcessingWasteManagement:LiteratureReviewand
Patent Survey, Second Edition
Michael Niaounakis and Constantinos P. Halvadakis
WASTEMANAGEMENTSERIES6
BIOGRANULATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Joo-Hwa Tay, PhD, PE
Stephen Tiong-Lee Tay,† PhD
Yu Liu, PhD
Kuan-Yeow Show, PhD
Volodymyr Ivanov, PhD
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Amsterdam–Boston–Heidelberg–London–NewYork–Oxford
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06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
In Remembrance to Stephen Tiong-Lee Tay
We wish to dedicate this book to the major author, Stephen Tiong-Lee
Tay. Stephen suddenly passed away on 29 July 2005, several days before
the finishing of the book. He established research team on the granula-
tionstudiesinNanyangTechnologicalUniversity(NTU)andcreatedthere
a spirit of cooperation and friendship. He has made significant contribu-
tionstotheworld’sstudiesongranulation, especiallyinmicrobiologyand
biotechnology of the granules degrading toxic compounds. He postulated
and proved that the aerobic granulation technology could overcome the
disadvantages associated with the use of carrier materials in traditional
cellimmobilizationsystems.Themicrobialgranulationresearchteamand
his students in NTU continue the development of Stephen’s ideas. For all
of us, who had the privilege of knowing, interacting, and working with
Stephen, he was more than a brilliant and dedicated Professor, he was a
dear friend, mentor, and coach, he has touched the lives of many of us.

Contents
Preface xv
Contributors xxi
1. Mechanisms and Models forAnaerobic Granulation 1
Kuan-Yeow Show
Introduction 1
Physico-chemical Models 2
Inert Nuclei Model 2
Selection Pressure Model 3
Attrition Model 3
Multivalence Positive Ion-bonding Model 4
ECP Bonding Model 5
Synthetic and Natural Polymer-bonding Model 6
Secondary Minimum Adhesion Model 7
Local Dehydration and Hydrophobic Interaction Model 8
Surface Tension Model 8
Consideration on the Physico-chemical Models 9
Structural Models 10
Capetown Model 11
Spaghetti Model 11
Syntrophic Microcolony Model 11
Multilayer Model 13
Ecological Models 14
Consideration on the Structural Models 16
Proton Translocation–Dehydration Theory 18
Theory Development 18
Consideration on the Proton Translocation–Dehydration
Theory 20
CellularAutomaton Model 21
Cell-to-Cell Communication Model 23
AGeneral Model forAnaerobic Granulation 24
References 27
viii Contents
2. FactorsAffectingAnaerobic Granulation 35
Kuan-Yeow Show
Introduction 35
Environmental Conditions 36
Temperature 36
System pH 37
Characteristics of the Feed 38
Process Conditions During Start-up and Operation 39
Upflow Velocity and Hydraulic Retention Time 39
Organic Loading Rate 40
Characteristics of Seed Sludge 43
Characteristics of Substrate 45
Chemical Conditions 47
Effect of Cations 47
Effect of Polymers 49
Summary of Recommendations for Developing
Granular Sludge 51
Biological Aspects 51
Chemical Aspects 51
Physical Aspects 51
Wastewater Characteristics 52
References 52
3. Applications ofAnaerobic Granulation 57
Kuan-Yeow Show
Introduction 57
Types ofAnaerobic Treatment Plants Installed Worldwide 58
Scope ofApplications 58
Applications ofAnaerobic Granulation 60
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor 60
Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactor 68
Hybrid Anaerobic Reactors 72
Anaerobic Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor 73
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor 74
Internal Circulation Reactor 74
Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor 75
Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor 75
Contents ix
The Future ofAnaerobic Granulation 76
References 78
4. Mechanisms ofAerobic Granulation 85
Yu Liu
Introduction 85
A Generic Four-step Immobilization Mechanism 86
Selection Pressure-drivenAerobic Granulation 88
Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances inAerobic
Granulation 92
Summary 95
References 95
5. FactorsAffectingAerobic Granulation 99
Yu Liu
Introduction 99
Substrate Composition 99
Substrate Loading Rate 101
Hydrodynamic Shear Force 102
Feast–Famine Regime 104
Solids Retention Time 104
Dissolved Oxygen 105
Feeding Strategy 106
Cycle Time 106
Settling Time 108
Exchange Ratio 108
Presence of Calcium Ion in Feed 109
Seed Sludge 109
Reactor Configuration 110
Summary 111
References 112
6. Structure ofAerobically Grown Microbial Granules 115
Volodymyr Ivanov
Natural Microbial Granules 115
Aerobically Grown Microbial Granules 116
Structural Features ofAerobically Grown Microbial Granules 116
Shape and Size of the Granules 117
Surface of Granules 119