Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria

697 Pages·2007·9.13 MB·English

by  Alexi Popov

BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY OF BULGARIA
MONOGRAPHIAE
BIOLOGICAE
VOLUME 82
SeriesEditor
H. J. Dumont
Aims and Scope
The Monographiae Biologicae provide a forum for top-level, rounded-off monographs
dealing with the biogeography of continents or major parts of continents, and the ecology
of well individualized ecosystems such as islands, island groups, mountains or mountain
chains. Aquatic ecosystems may include marine environments such as coastal ecosystems
(mangroves, coral reefs) but also pelagic, abyssal and benthic ecosystems, and freshwater
environments such as major river basins, lakes, and groups of lakes. In-depth, state-of-the-
art taxonomic treatments of major groups of animals (including protists), plants and fungi
are also elegible for publication, as well as studies on the comparative ecology of major
biomes.Volumesintheseriesmayincludesingle-authormonographs,butalsomulti-author,
editedvolumes.
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Biogeography and Ecology
of Bulgaria
Edited by
VICTOR FET
DepartmentofBiologicalSciences
MarshallUniversity
Huntington,WestVirginia,USA
and
ALEXI POPOV
NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory
BulgarianAcademyofSciences
Sofia,Bulgaria
AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-4417-5(HB)
ISBN 978-1-4020-5781-6(e-book)
PublishedbySpringer,
P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands.
www.springer.com
Printedonacid-freepaper
CaptionstoCoverPhotos
FrontCover: CentralBalkanNationalPark.NorthernDjendemReservenearBotevPeak.
Photo:GeorgiStoyanov.
RearCover1:Onconotusservillei(Orthoptera:Tettigoniidae).Oneofthemosttypicalsteppeanimals
fromNortheasternBulgaria.IncludedintheIUCNRedListofThreatenedSpeciesas
“Vulnerable”.Photo:NikolaySimovandDraganChobanov.
RearCover2:Paralolaburesi(Opiliones:Phalangodidae).This1.4mm-longharvestmanisoneofthe
mostremarkableanimalsinBulgaria.Thesolespeciesofthelocalendemicmonotypic
genus,thistroglobiteTertiaryrelictisfoundonlyinfourcavesnearLakatnik(Iskar
Gorge,WesternStaraPlanina).Photo:PlamenMitovandIvanYanchev.
RearCover3:Zamenissitula,orLeopardSnake(Ophidia:Colubridae).EasternMediterraneanspecies
foundinsouthernBulgaria(StrumaValley,BlackSeaCoast).ExtinctintheRhodopes.
Photo:BoyanPetrov.
Allrightsreserved
©2007Springer
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted
inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording
orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception
ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingentered
andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.
This book is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Ivan Buresch (1885–1980),
Member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the founder of
Bulgarian biodiversity studies.
Table of Contents
Contributors....................................................................................................... xiii
Notes from the Editors...................................................................................... xvii
1 Introduction............................................................................................... 1
Alexi Popov and Victor Fet.........................................................................
References.......................................................................................... 6
2 Terrestrial Mammals in Bulgaria: Zoogeographical
and Ecological Patterns of Distribution................................................. 9
Vasil Popov..................................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 9
2 Material and Methods....................................................................... 10
3 Results............................................................................................... 14
4 Discussion.......................................................................................... 25
5 Appendix 1........................................................................................ 34
References......................................................................................... 35
3 Fauna, Zoogeography, and Ecology of Birds
in Bulgaria................................................................................................. 39
Zlatozar Boev, Boyan Milchev and Vasil Popov........................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 39
2 Material and Methods....................................................................... 40
3 Exploration of the Bulgarian Avifauna............................................ 63
4 Historical Formation of the Bulgarian Avifauna.............................. 64
5 Composition and Changes of the Recent Avifauna......................... 66
6 Importance of the Bulgarian Territory for the Migration
and Wintering of the European Birds............................................... 68
7 Important Bird Areas........................................................................ 69
8 Spatial Differentiation of the Recent Avifauna:
Characteristic Bird Communities of the Main Landscapes
(Ordination–Correspondence Analysis)............................................ 69
9 Classification of Avian Assemblages: Two-way Indicator
Species Analysis................................................................................ 74
10 Zoogeographical Types..................................................................... 78
References......................................................................................... 78
4 Amphibians and Reptiles of Bulgaria: Fauna, Vertical Distribution,
Zoogeography, and Conservation........................................................... 85
Boyan P. Petrov...........................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 85
2 Brief History of the Herpetological Research in Bulgaria............... 86
vii
viii TABLEOFCONTENTS
3 Species Composition and Distribution............................................. 87
4 Altitudinal Distribution..................................................................... 90
5 Zoogeographical Analysis of the Herpetofauna of Bulgaria........... 99
6 Conservation of the Bulgarian Herpetofauna................................... 101
Acknowledgments............................................................................. 103
References......................................................................................... 103
5 Fauna and Distribution of Fishes in Bulgaria....................................... 109
Tihomir Stefanov..........................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 109
2 Material and Methods....................................................................... 110
3 Discussion.......................................................................................... 110
4 Conclusions....................................................................................... 128
References......................................................................................... 129
6 Fauna and Zoogeography of Marine, Freshwater, and Terrestrial
Mollusks (Mollusca) in Bulgaria............................................................. 141
Zdravko Hubenov.........................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 141
2 Material and Methods....................................................................... 142
3 Black Sea Mollusks........................................................................... 162
4 Freshwater Mollusks......................................................................... 170
5 Terrestrial Mollusks.......................................................................... 180
6 Mollusks in the Bulgarian Mountains.............................................. 187
References......................................................................................... 187
7 Fauna, Ecology, and Zoogeography of Dragonflies (Insecta:
Odonata) of Bulgaria................................................................................ 199
Venelin Beschovski and Milen Marinov......................................................
1 Fauna................................................................................................. 199
2 Ecology.............................................................................................. 199
3 Zoogeography.................................................................................... 209
4 Distribution Patterns in Bulgaria...................................................... 212
5 Phenology.......................................................................................... 216
6 Habitat Classification........................................................................ 221
References......................................................................................... 228
8 Fauna and Zoogeography of the Orthopterid Insects (Embioptera,
Dermaptera, Mantodea, Blattodea, Isoptera, and Orthoptera)
in Bulgaria................................................................................................. 233
Alexi Popov..................................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 233
2 Faunistic Diversity............................................................................ 234
3 Distribution of Species...................................................................... 254
TABLEOFCONTENTS ix
4 Zoogeography.................................................................................... 264
Acknowledgments............................................................................. 291
References......................................................................................... 291
9 Biogeography of the Endemic Carabidae (Coleoptera)
in the Central and Eastern Balkan Peninsula....................................... 297
Borislav Guéorguiev....................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 297
2 Area Studied...................................................................................... 298
3 Study Goals....................................................................................... 299
4 Material and Methods....................................................................... 299
5 Principal Faunal Features.................................................................. 301
6 Descriptive Biogeography................................................................. 302
7 Causal Biogeography........................................................................ 339
8 Regional Division Based on Taxonomic, Macrohabitat,
and Biogeographical Structure of Endemic Balkan Carabidae........ 351
Acknowledgments............................................................................. 352
References......................................................................................... 353
10 Fauna and Zoogeography of Jewel Beetles
(Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Bulgaria................................................... 357
Vladimir Sakalian and Mario Langourov...................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 357
2 Methods............................................................................................. 358
3 Zoogeographical Position and Connections
of the Buprestid Fauna of Bulgaria.................................................. 358
4 Zoogeographical Characteristics of the Bulgarian
Buprestid Fauna................................................................................. 362
5 Regional Faunistic and Zoogeographical Characteristics................ 373
6 Trends in the Recent Formation of the Bulgarian
Buprestid Fauna................................................................................. 375
References......................................................................................... 376
11 Fauna and Zoogeography of Myriapoda in Bulgaria........................... 379
Pavel Stoev...................................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 379
2 History of Bulgarian Myriapod Studies........................................... 379
3 Fauna of Myriapoda.......................................................................... 380
4 Zoogeographic Aspects..................................................................... 387
5 Ecological Aspects............................................................................ 396
6 Main Gaps in Knowledge................................................................. 396
Acknowledgments............................................................................. 397
References......................................................................................... 397
x TABLEOFCONTENTS
12 Fauna and Zoogeography of Scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones)
in Bulgaria................................................................................................. 405
Victor Fet and Michael E. Soleglad............................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 405
2 Material and Methods....................................................................... 406
3 Fauna and Zoogeography.................................................................. 406
4 Further Research............................................................................... 418
Acknowledgments............................................................................. 419
References......................................................................................... 420
13 Spatial Niches of Opiliones (Arachnida)
from Vitosha Mountains, Bulgaria......................................................... 423
Plamen Mitov...............................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 423
2 Material and Methods....................................................................... 425
3 Results and Discussion...................................................................... 428
Acknowledgments............................................................................. 442
References......................................................................................... 443
14 Fauna and Zoogeography of Spiders
of the Family Linyphiidae (Araneae)
in Bulgaria................................................................................................. 447
Christo Deltshev..........................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 447
2 Study Area and Materials................................................................. 447
3 Species Composition......................................................................... 449
4 Zoogeographical Analysis................................................................. 449
5 Vertical Distribution.......................................................................... 463
6 Discussion and Conclusions.............................................................. 464
Acknowledgments............................................................................. 464
References......................................................................................... 465
15 Fauna and Zoogeography of Wolf Spiders
(Araneae: Lycosidae) in Bulgaria........................................................... 469
Gergin Blagoev............................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 469
2 Materials and Methods...................................................................... 469
3 Species Composition and Zoogeography......................................... 471
4 Discussion.......................................................................................... 476
Acknowledgments............................................................................. 478
References......................................................................................... 479
TABLEOFCONTENTS xi
16 Haplogyne Spiders (Araneae) in Bulgaria: Faunistic
and Zoogeographical Analysis................................................................. 481
Stoyan Lazarov............................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 481
2 Study Area and Materials................................................................. 481
3 Species Composition......................................................................... 482
4 Zoogeographical Analysis................................................................. 484
5 Vertical Distribution.......................................................................... 489
Acknowledgments............................................................................. 490
References......................................................................................... 490
17 Terrestrial Cave Animals in Bulgaria.................................................... 493
Petar Beron..................................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 493
2 Karst and Caves in Bulgaria............................................................. 493
3 History of Biospeleological Studies of Bulgarian
Cave Animals.................................................................................... 499
4 Survey of Terrestrial Cave Animals in Bulgaria.............................. 501
5 Zoogeographical Analysis of the Terrestrial
Cave Fauna in Bulgaria.................................................................... 515
6 Endemics in the Cave Fauna of Bulgaria......................................... 518
7 Relicts in the Cave Fauna of Bulgaria............................................. 522
References......................................................................................... 524
18 Stygofauna of the Fresh Waters in Bulgaria......................................... 527
Ivan Pandourski...........................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 527
2 Species Diversity and Distribution................................................... 527
3 Endemism.......................................................................................... 529
4 Origin................................................................................................. 533
5 Conclusions....................................................................................... 535
Acknowledgments............................................................................. 535
References......................................................................................... 535
19 Biodiversity and Ecology of the Bulgarian Black
Sea Invertebrates...................................................................................... 537
Vassil Golemansky.......................................................................................
1 Introduction....................................................................................... 537
2 Bulgarian Black Sea Coast............................................................... 539
3 Animal Biodiversity.......................................................................... 541
References......................................................................................... 551