Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in the Rhizosphere

481 Pages·2005·3.48 MB·English

by  G.R. Gobran

Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements
in the Rhizosphere
i
Members of Editorial Committee
F. Courchesne University of Montreal,Canada
G.R. Gobran Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,Sweden
P. Hinsinger INRA-ENSA.M,UMR Sol & Environment,France
P.M. Huang University of Saskatchewan,Canada
A. Violante Università di Napoli Federico II,Italy
ii
Biogeochemistry of
Trace Elements
in the Rhizosphere
Edited by
P.M. Huang
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon,Canada
and
G.R. Gobran
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Uppsala,Sweden
2005
Amsterdam ● Boston ● Heidelberg ● London ● New York ● Oxford ● Paris
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iii
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iv
v
Preface
The term “rhizosphere” was first used by L. Hiltner in 1904 but has since
been modified and redefined. It is the narrow zone of soil influenced by the root
and exudates. The extent of the rhizosphere may vary with soil type,plant species,
age,and many other factors,but is usually considered to extend from the root sur-
face out into the soil for a few millimeters. More intense microbial activity and
larger microbial populations occur in this zone than in the bulk soil, in response
to the release by roots of large amounts of organic compounds. The release of
exudates from roots is in turn influenced by the nature and properties of soils,e.g.,
bulk density, mechanical impedance, and nutrient status. Up to 18% of the C
assimilated through photosynthesis can be released from roots. Microbial popula-
tions in the rhizosphere can be 10–100 times larger than the populations in the
bulk soil. Therefore, the rhizosphere is bathed in root exudates and microbial
metabolites and the chemistry and biology at the soil–root interface is governed
by biotic (plant roots, microbes) and abiotic (physical and chemical reactions)
interactions,and thus differ significantly from those in bulk soil. Consequently,to
study the rhizosphere, one must deal with not only biological and biochemical
aspects but also physicochemical reactions, especially the interactions of these
biotic and abiotic reactions and processes. The rhizosphere is the bottleneck of
trace element contamination of the terrestrial food chain. The dynamics,transfor-
mations,bioavailability,and toxicity of trace elements are influenced enormously
by chemistry and biology of the rhizosphere. The research on biotic and abiotic
interactions in the rhizosphere should, thus, be an issue of intense interest for
years to come.
The 15 chapters in this book are largely selected from papers presented at
Symposium 02 Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in the Rhizosphere, the 7th
International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, Uppsala,
Sweden,June 15–19,2003. This book addresses a variety of issues on fundamen-
tals of biogeochemistry of trace elements in the rhizosphere at the molecular and
microscopic levels and the impact on food chain contamination and the terrestrial
ecosystem. Section I (Chapters 1–7) addresses the fundamentals of mineral
weathering reactions, characteristics of rhizosphere soils from natural and agri-
cultural environments, role of biotic interactions in the forest rhizosphere, the
influence of organic and inorganic ligands on adsorption–desorption and com-
plexation of heavy metals and the impact on the terrestrial food chain contamina-
tion. Section II (Chapters 8–15) deals with speciation, dynamics, and
bioavailability of trace metals as influenced by rhizosphere chemistry and biology,
binding and electrostatic attraction of heavy metals to plasma membranes of
wheat root,use of a chemical non-equilibrium approach to model metal bioavail-
ability to a hyperaccumutor, and the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
vi Preface
species on the dynamics of heavy metals and radionuclides and their transfer to
plants. It is hoped that this book would provide a timely publication to stimulate
research and education in this extremely important and exciting area of science for
years to come.
All the chapters in this book have been critically reviewed by external refer-
ees and members of the Editorial Committee. We are grateful to the authors for
their contributions and to members of the Editorial Committee and the reviewers
who have provided invaluable inputs to maintain the quality of this publication.
Gratitude is extended to the University of Saskatchewan for providing the funding
to facilitate the publication of this book.
The book will be an essential reference for chemists and biologists studying
environmental systems,as well as earth,soil,and environmental scientists. It will
serve as a useful reference for professors, researchers, students, and consultants,
etc. in environmental science,soil sciences,ecology,and ecotoxicology.
P.M. Huang and
G.R. Gobran
vii
About the Editors
P.M. Huang received his Ph.D. degree in Soil Science at the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, in 1966. He is Professor Emeritus of Soil Science at the
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. His research work has signifi-
cantly advanced the frontiers of knowledge on the nature and surface reactivity of
mineral colloids and organomineral complexes of soils and sediments and their
role in the dynamics, transformations, and fate of nutrients, toxic metals, and
xenobiotics in terrestrial and aquatic environments. His research findings,embod-
ied in over 300 refered scientific publications, including research papers, book
chapters, and books, are fundamental to the development of sound strategies for
managing land and water resources.
He has developed and taught courses in soil physical chemistry and miner-
alogy, soil analytical chemistry, and ecological toxicology. He has successfully
trained and inspired M.Sc. and Ph.D. students and postdoctoral fellows, and
received visiting scientists from all over the world. He has served on numerous
national and international scientific and academic committees. He also has served
as a member of many editorial boards such as the Soil Science Society of America
Journal,Geoderma,Chemosphere,Water,Air and Soil Pollution,and Soil Science
and Plant Nutrition. He has served as a titular member of the Commission of
Fundamental Environmental Chemistry of the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry and is the founding and current Chairman of the Working
Group MO “Interactions of Soil Minerals with Organic Components and
Microorganisms” of the International Union of Soil Sciences. He received the
Distinguished Researcher Award from the University of Saskatchewan and the
Soil Science Research Award from the Soil Science Society of America. He is a
Fellow of the Canadian Society of Soil Science, the Soil Science Society of
America, the American Society of Agronomy, the American Association for the
Advancement of Science,and the World Innovating Foundation.
George Gobran is Professor of Ecology with specialization in nutrient
dynamics in the rhizosphere. Since 1985, Dr. Gobran has been working in the
Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. Dr. Gobran received his Ph.D. in soil
chemistry from the Catholic University of Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium in 1980,
and his M.S. in Soil Chemistry in 1975 and B.S. in Soil and Water Sciences in
1969 from Alexandria University, Egypt. During 1981–82, he spent 6 months at
the European Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development (DG
XII) in Brussels, Belgium. During 1982–1984, Dr. Gobran obtained a postdoc-
toral fellowship from Texas A&M University,USA.
viii About the Editors
Professor Gobran has a wide experience in research dealing with biogeo-
chemical processes, with special interest in soil–plant interactions and rhizos-
pheric processes. Currently, Dr. Gobran focuses his research and teaching efforts
on the reciprocal effects of soil–plant interactions,especially in ecosystems under
environmental stress. Dr. Gobran has written many papers and book chapters,and
participated in several international conferences, workshops, and symposia. In
2001, Dr. Gobran and his colleagues Drs. Walter Wenzel and Enzo Lombi edited
the book “Trace Elements in the Rhizosphere,” published by the CRC Press,
p.321. His strong interest in this field has stimulated many graduate, postgradu-
ate students, and the initiation of a couple of national and EU research projects,
such as EU COST 631 Entitled “Understanding and Modeling Plant–Soil
Interactions in the Rhizosphere Environment (UMPIRE).” Dr. Gobran has fre-
quently been invited by international universities and organizations to give lec-
tures. He also hosted many international colleagues for short and long sabbatical
leaves. Professor Gobran was included in the 1999 edition of Who’s Who in the
World. He was the chairman of the “International Conferences of
Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements,7th ICOBTE 2003”,Uppsala,Sweden,June
15–19, 2003 [http://www-conference.slu.se/7thICOBTE/index.htm]. Dr. Gobran
is a reviewer for several international journals and programs,e.g.,member of the
review panel of the EuroDiversity program 2004.
ix
Contributors
A. Agnelli G. Corti
Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali e Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali e
delle Produzioni Vegetali,Università delle Produzioni Vegetali,Università
Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,Italy Politecnica delle Marche,
Ancona,Italy
M.F. Benedetti
F. Courchesne
CNRS-UPRESA,7047–UMPC Lab.,
Départment de géographie,Université
Géochimie & Métallogénie,
de Montréal,Montréal,Québec,Canada
Paris,Cedex 05,France
R. Cuniglio
J. Cao Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali e
College of Environmental Sciences, delle Produzioni Vegetali,Università
Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Politecnica delle Marche,Ancona,
Peking University, Italy
Beijing,China
S. Declerck
Université catholique de Louvain,Unité
R. Capasso
de microbiologie,Louvain-la-Neuve,
Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Belgium
della Pianta e dell’Ambiente,
Via Università,Portici (Napoli),Italy W.J. Fitz
Department of Forest and Soil Sciences,
M. Castrec-Rouelle University of Natural Resources and
CNRS-UPRESA 7047–UMPC Lab., Applied Life Sciences,Vienna,Austria
Géochimie & Métallogénie,Paris,
C. Gagnon
Cedex 05,France
St. Lawrence Centre,Environment
Canada,Montréal,Québec,Canada
Y.J. Chen
College of Environmental Sciences, G.R. Gobran
Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Department of Ecology &
Peking University, Environmental Research,Swedish
Beijing,China University of Agricultural Sciences,
Uppsala,Sweden
M. Clairotte
M. Greger
INRA-ENSA.M,UMR 1222
Department of Botany,
Rhizosphère & Symbiose,Montpellier,
Stockholm University,
Cedex 1,France
Stockholm,Sweden
S. Cocco M.L. Himmelbauer
Dipartimento de Scienze Ambientali e Department of Water,Atmosphere and
delle Produzioni Vegetali,Università Environment,University of Natural
Politecnica delle Marche, Resources and Applied Life Sciences,
Ancona,Italy Vienna,Austria