Biogeochemistry of the Critical Zone PDF
Preview Biogeochemistry of the Critical Zone
Advances in Critical Zone Science Adam S. Wymore Wendy H. Yang Whendee L. Silver William H. McDowell Jon Chorover Editors Biogeochemistry of the Critical Zone Advances in Critical Zone Science SeriesEditor StevenBanwart,TheUniversityofSheffield,NorthCampus,Sheffield,UK Earth’s critical zone (CZ) is the near-surface layer of the planet which determines theavailabilityoflife-sustainingresources-extendingfromthesurfaceofunaltered bedrock to the atmospheric boundary layer. Critical zone science is the interdisci- plinarystudyofthenaturalprocessesthatshapethecriticalzoneanddetermineits evolutionandtheeffectsofnaturalandhuman-inducedchange. The rapid expansion of CZ science and itsgrowing relevance across arange of disciplines means the time is ripe for a new series of books that will synthesise the current state of knowledge in key areas of CZ science, highlight new research results, and suggest exciting avenues for future investigation. Books in the series willbeeditedorauthoredbyleadinginternationalexpertsattheforefrontofcritical zonescience.Eachvolumewillberelativelyshort,ontheorderof150-300pagesin length, and have a target audience comprising advanced students, researchers, and appliedscientistsengagedwiththeresearchagenda. TheaimoftheSeriesistopresentthestudyofEarth’scriticalzoneasanewfield of integrating science. The scientific content draws on interdisciplinary research and subject expertise from the basic sciences of physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics,andappliedsciencessuchasgeologicalsciences,ecologicalsciences, environmentalsciences,humanandphysicalgeography,engineeringandexpertise attheinterfaceofappliedresearchwithpolicyandpractice. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/15708 · · Adam S. Wymore Wendy H. Yang · · Whendee L. Silver William H. McDowell Jon Chorover Editors Biogeochemistry of the Critical Zone Editors AdamS.Wymore WendyH.Yang DepartmentofNaturalResources DepartmentsofPlantBiologyandGeology andtheEnvironment UniversityIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign UniversityofNewHampshire Urbana,IL,USA Durham,NH,USA WilliamH.McDowell WhendeeL.Silver DepartmentofNaturalResources DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience, andtheEnvironment PolicyandManagement UniversityofNewHampshire UniversityofCalifornia Durham,NH,USA Berkeley,CA,USA JonChorover DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience UniversityofArizona Tucson,AZ,USA ISSN 2731-5851 ISSN 2731-586X (electronic) AdvancesinCriticalZoneScience ISBN 978-3-030-95920-3 ISBN 978-3-030-95921-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95921-0 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Series Editor’s Preface I am thrilled to welcome Advances in Critical Zone Science, a new book series fromSpringerNature.Earth’scriticalzoneistheplanetarysurfacelayerthatextends vertically from the upper boundary of unaltered bedrock to the top of vegetation. ThecriticalzoneisacentralcomponentoftheEarthsystemthatconnectsthebelow ground geosphere with the world above the land surface, “bedrock to treetop”. It links together groundwater, soil and vegetation, streams and lakes and the lower atmosphere. This interface receives, transmits and transforms planetary flows of energy, mass and genetic structure that sustain life on land and at the continental margin.Criticaltobiologicalevolution,thisthinlayeristheprincipalzoneofterres- trialhabitabilityfororganisms.Critical,asthezoneofhumanhabitation,thissmall proportionofEarth’svolumeistheprincipalsourceofnaturalresourcestopeople. Criticaltoconditionsofhabitability,thiszoneisunderintenseandgrowingpressure fromhumanuseoftheprimaryresourcesofenergy,land,cleanwaterandbiomass forfood. ThescientificunderstandingofEarth’scriticalzoneandtheinteractionofhumans withitdefineanurgentresearchagenda.Someofthegreatestsocietalchallengesof thetwenty-firstcenturydrivethisneedfornewresearch.Thesechallengesinclude mitigatingthecausesandimpactsofachangingclimate,providingrenewableenergy, protectingwaterresources,supportingfoodproductionandreversinglanddegrada- tionandthelossofterrestrialhabitat,oftendrivenbylandusetransitionsforagri- culture.CriticalzonescienceisinherentlylinkedtothestudyoftheAnthropocene. Thiscurrentperiodincivilizationoccursashumanactivityimpactsplanetaryscale changeandisimprintingthesechangesinthegeologicalrecord.Human-drivenglobal changeisperhapsmostnotablethroughtheeffectofanthropogenicgreenhousegas emissionsonEarth’sclimate. Criticalzonesciencehascomeofageandisplayingitsroleintacklingtheseglobal societalchallenges.In2001,theUSANationalResearchCouncilidentifiedcritical zonescienceasapriorityforbasicresearchinEarthSciences.Sincethattime,major researchprogrammeshavebeenestablishedandcontinuedtobefundedthroughthe USANationalScienceFoundation,theEuropeanCommission,theFrenchAllEnvi researchalliance,Germany’sNationalResearchCouncilandHelmholtzCentres,a v vi SeriesEditor’sPreface joint programme between The National Science Foundation of China and the UK Natural Environment Research Council, the Belmont Forum coalition of national environmentalfundingagenciesandalliedprojectsfundedworldwidethroughmany othernationalprogrammesofresearch. Championing basic research remains at the core of critical zone science. Basic research explores the frontiers of knowledge and provides discoveries that inspire new generations of researchers. Basic science advances are the foundation upon which innovative solutions to global challenges are built. Critical zone science is already proving to be a rich field for applied research and translation into solu- tions.Theseareoccurringattheinterfacewithpolicyandwithinnovationinprofes- sionalpractice,forexampleinlandusepolicy,inthewaterresourcesindustryand inagriculture.CriticalZoneObservatories(CZOs)areinstrumentalinthedevelop- mentofcriticalzonescience.Theseadvancedfieldstudysitesaremagnetstodraw multipledisciplinestogetheraroundadvancedcapabilitiesinenvironmentalsensing and Earth observation. CZOs and their integrating role accelerate the creation of newknowledge.Thestudysites,establishedwithinhighlyinstrumentedlandscapes, create a focus for collaborative framing of research questions. CZOs bring disci- plinestogether tocombine theory,empiricalmethods andanalysis acrossmultiple domains.Manydisciplinesengageoftenincludinggeology,hydrology,ecology,data science,engineering,mathematicalmodelling,computationalsimulationandEarth observation. As critical zone science develops, new areas of basic and applied research are coming into view. The study of Earth’s critical zone was originally grounded in geosciencesandembracedintegrationacrossmanynaturalsciencedisciplines.Now, theintegrativestudyofEarth’scriticalzoneismovingbeyondthenaturalsciences. TherelationshipofhumanswithEarth,forexamplewithinspecificCZOlandscapes, isdrivingnewdirectionsofresearch.Thesenewhorizonsarelinkingsocialsciences andhumanitieswiththenaturalsciences,engineeringandtechnology.Newcollab- orativeresearchareaswillundoubtedlyberichareasofdiscovery,tounderstandthe relationshipofhumanandcriticalzoneandtonavigatetheirco-dependenceinthe Anthropocene. Advances in Critical Zone Science provides a focal point to bring together this broadrangeofactivityforcollaborativethinkingandaction.Theseriesaimstodefine researchfrontiers,drawtogethertherecentadvancesinknowledgeandhighlighttheir applicationsforpracticalsolutionsinpolicyandinprofessionalpractice.Iwouldlike tothanktheinternationalcriticalzoneresearchcommunityfortheirencouragement inbringingthisseriestolifeandthankcolleaguesatSpringerNaturefortheirsupport inestablishingthebookseries. Iandtheinternationalcriticalzonesciencecommunitywouldliketoacknowledge thehardworkoftheeditorsandcontributingauthorswhosteppedforwardtocreate thefirstvolume,BiogeochemistryoftheCriticalZoneeditedbyAdamS.Wymore, WendyH.Yang,WhendeeL.Silver,WilliamH.McDowellandJonChorover.The volumeisanidealopeningcontribution.Itintroducesfirstprinciplesofcriticalzone SeriesEditor’sPreface vii science and presents excellent examples of collaborative research at Critical Zone Observatories.Itisexcitingtohavetheseriesunderway. Sheffield,UK StevenBanwart SeriesEditor Contents 1 AnIntroductiontoBiogeochemistryoftheCriticalZone ........... 1 AdamS.Wymore, WendyH.Yang, WhendeeL.Silver, WilliamH.McDowell,andJonChorover 2 HotSpotsandHotMomentsintheCriticalZone:Identification ofandIncorporationintoReactiveTransportModels .............. 9 BhavnaArora,MartinA.Briggs,JayP.Zarnetske,JamesStegen, JesusD.Gomez-Velez,DipankarDwivedi,andCarlSteefel 3 ConstraintsofClimateandAgeonSoilDevelopmentinHawai‘i .... 49 O.A.Chadwick,J.Chorover,K.D.Chadwick,J.B.Bateman, E.W.Slessarev,M.Kramer,A.Thompson,andP.M.Vitousek 4 Biofilms in the Critical Zone: Distribution and Mediation ofProcesses .................................................... 89 MarjorieSchulzandKristenManies 5 ErodedCriticalZoneCarbonandWheretoFindIt:Examples fromtheIML-CZO ............................................. 121 NealBlair,JohnM.Hayes,DavidGrimley,andAlisonM.Anders 6 AdvancesinBiogeochemicalModelingforIntensivelyManaged Landscapes .................................................... 145 SusanaRoque-Malo, QinaYan, DongKookWoo, JenniferL.Druhan,andPraveenKumar 7 Hillslope Position and Land-Use History Influence P DistributionintheCriticalZone ................................. 171 MaryamForoughi, LoriA.Sutter, DanielRichter, andDanielMarkewitz ix Chapter 1 An Introduction to Biogeochemistry of the Critical Zone AdamS.Wymore ,WendyH.Yang ,WhendeeL.Silver , WilliamH.McDowell ,andJonChorover Thescientificdisciplineofbiogeochemistryisinherentlyinterdisciplinary.Thename aloneevokesprinciplesacrossthephysicalandbiologicalsciences.Ithasbeenargued thatthescienceofbiogeochemistryisthe“chemistryofthearenaoflife”and“the premierscientificdisciplinetoexaminehumanimpactsontheglobalenvironment” (Schlesinger 2004), because it links concepts of climatology, ecology, evolution andbiogeography,chemistry,andhydrologyandgeology(Bianchi2020).Thefull integrationofthesephysical,chemical,andbiologicalprinciples,however,requires ananalogousandequallyintegrativeconceptualplatform.TheframeworkofEarth’s CriticalZoneprovidesthis,asitistheopenporoussystematEarth’sterrestrialsurface extendingupwardfromunweatheredbedrock,throughfracturedrock,saproliteand soil, to the outer periphery of the vegetative canopy. It comprises an architecture thatevolvesovertimescalesrangingfromsecondstoeons,alongregionaltoglobal gradientsinprecipitation,temperature,andlithology.Theinteractionofclimateand lithologyleadstothedevelopmentofcriticalzonestructuresthatvarygreatlyacross the globe as a result of biogeochemical and physical processes occurring at scales rangingfromnanometers(e.g.,mineraltransformation)tokilometers(e.g.,watershed hydrologicflows)(Brantleyetal.2007). B A.S.Wymore( )·W.H.McDowell DepartmentofNaturalResourcesandtheEnvironment,UniversityofNewHampshire,Durham, NH03824,USA e-mail:[email protected] W.H.Yang DepartmentsofPlantBiologyandGeology,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,Urbana, IL61801,USA W.L.Silver DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,Policy,andManagement,UniversityofCalifornia, Berkeley,CA94720,USA J.Chorover DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,UniversityofArizona,Tucson,AZ85721,USA ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 1 A.S.Wymoreetal.(eds.),BiogeochemistryoftheCriticalZone,AdvancesinCritical ZoneScience,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95921-0_1
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