Biogeochemical Investigations of Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Wetland Ecosystems across the Globe

733 Pages·2004·23.188 MB·English

by  Gene E. Likens (auth.), R. Kelman Wieder, Martin Novák, Melanie A. Vile (eds.)

Biogeochemical Investigations of
Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Wetland
Ecosystems across the Globe
Biogeochemical Investigations of
Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Wetland
Ecosystems across the Globe
Guest Editors:
R. KELMAN WIEDER
Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
MARTINNOvAK
Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic
MELANIE A. VILE
Patrick Center for Environmental Research, The Academy of Natural Sciences,
Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Reprinted from Water, Air, & Soi! Pollution: Focus
VoI. 4, Nos 2-3 (2004)
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-94-010-3751-8 ISBN 978-94-007-0952-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0952-2
Cover image:
Iosef Sfma: Landscape, 1930
Reproduced with kind permission of the National Gallery in Prague
Printed an acid-free paper
AU Rights Reserved
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York in 2004
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2004
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 1
Acknowledgments 3
I:KEYNOTE ADDRESS
G.E.LIKENS/Biogeochemistry:SomeOpportunitiesandChallengesforthe Future 5-24
II:CATCHMENTAND REGIONAL-SCALEMODELLING
J.AHERNE, M.POSCH,P.J.DILLON andA.HENRIKSEN/CriticalLoads ofAcidity for
Surface Waters in South-Central Ontario:Canada: Regional Application of the
First-OrderAcidity Balance(FAB)Model 25-36
J. AHERNE, T. LARSSEN, P.J. DILLON and B.J. COSBY / Effects of Climate Events
on Elemental Fluxes from Forested Catchments inOntario,Canada:Modelling
Drought-Induced RedoxProcesses 37-48
M.ALVETEG/ Projecting Regional Patterns ofFuture SoilChemistryStatus inSwedish
Forests usingSAFE 49-59
A.L.HORN,A.-A.DORINGandS.GATH/SorptionofCdinSoils:PedotransferFunctions
fortheParameters ofthe Freundlich Sorption Isotherm 61-71
M.HUGHES,D.D.HORNBY,H.BENNION,M.KERNAN, J.HILTON,G.PHILLIPS and
A.THOMAS/TheDevelopmentofaGIS-Based InventoryofStanding Watersin
Great Britaintogetherwith aRisk-Based PrioritisationProtocol 73-84
0.KASTE / Simulation of Nitrogen Dynamics and Fluxes inContrasting Catchments in
NorwaybyApplyingtheIntegrated Nitrogen ModelforCatchments(INCA) 85-96
M. KERNAN, M. HUGHES, D. HORNBY, H. BENNION, J. HILTON, G. PHILLIPS and
A. THOMAS / The Use of a GIS-Based Inventory to Provide a Regional Risk
Assessment of Standing Waters inGreat Britain Sensitive to Acidificationfrom
AtmosphericDeposition 97-112
A. LEPISTO, K. GRANLUND and K. RANKINEN / Integrated Nitrogen Modeling in a
Boreal Forestry Dominated River Basin:N Fluxes and Retention in Lakes and
Peatlands 113-123
T.LARSSEN,B.J.COSBY and T. H0GASEN/ Uncertainties in Predictions of Surface
WaterAcidity usingtheMAGIC Model 125-137
F.MOLDAN, V.KRONNAS, A.WILANDER, E. KARLTUN and B.J.COSBY/ Modelling
AcidificationandRecovery ofSwedish Lakes 139-160
K.RANKINEN, A.LEPISTOandK.GRANLUND/IntegratedNitrogenandFlowModelling
(INCA)inaBorealRiverBasinDominatedbyForestry:ScenariosofEnvironment
alChange 161-174
C.VANDERSALM,G.J.REINDSandW.DEVRIES/AssessmentoftheWater Balance
ofEuropean Forests:AModel Study 175-190
III:MONITORING ANDMANIPULATIONS
C.BEIER, I.K. SCHMIDT and H.L. KRISTENSEN / Effects of Climate and Ecosystem
DisturbancesonBiogeochemicalCyclinginaSemi-NaturalTerrestrial Ecosystem 191-206
N.B.DISEandP.GUNDERSEN/ForestEcosystem ResponsestoAtmosphericPollution:
Linking Comparativewith ExperimentalStudies 207-220
X.FENG, JW.KIRCHNER and C.NEAL / Spectral Analysis of Chemical Time Series
fromLong-TermCatchmentMonitoringStudies:HydrochemicalInsightsandData
Requirements 221-235
M.FERMandH.HULTBERG/NeutralisationofSulphurDioxideDepositioninaConifer
ousCanopy 237-245
D.HOULE,C.GAGNON, S.COUTUREandA.KEMP/ Recent Recovery ofLakeWater
Quality inSouthernQuebecFollowingReductionsinSulfur Emissions 247-261
D.W.JOHNSON,RB. SUSFALK,T.G. CALDWELL, J.D. MURPHY,W.w. MILLER and
REWALKER/FireEffectsonCarbon andNitrogen Budgets inForests 263-275
T.NAKAJI, T.KOBAYASHI,M.KUROHA, K.OMORI,Y.MATSUMOTO,T YONEKURA,
K.WATANABE,J.UTRIAINEN andT IZUTA/ Growthand Nitrogen Availability
ofRedPineSeedlingsunderHighNitrogenLoadandElevatedOzone 277-287
SANORTON,I.J.FERNANDEZ,J.S.KAHLandR.L.REINHARDT/AcidificationTrends
andtheEvolutionofNeutralizationMechanismsThrough TimeattheBearBrook
Watershed inMaine (BBWM),U.S.A. 289-310
RL. REINHARDT,SA NORTON, M. HANDLEY and A. AMIRBAHMAN / Dynamics of
P, AI, and Fe during High Discharge Episodic Acidification at the Bear Brook
Watershed inMaine, U.SA 311-323
J.B.SHANLEY,P.KRAM,J.HRUSKAandTO.BULLEN/ABiogeochemicalComparison
ofTwoWell-BufferedCatchmentswithContrasting HistoriesofAcidDeposition 325-342
IV:NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONSAND PROCESSES
B.BERGandN.DISE/ValidatingaNewModelforNSequestrationinForestSoilOrganic
Matter 343-358
C.J.CURTIS, B.A. EMMETT, B. REYNOLDS and J.SHILLAND/ Nitrate Leaching from
Moorland Soils: CanSoil C:NRatiosIndicate NSaturation? 359-369
D.HOPE,M.W.NAEGELI,A.H.CHAN and N.B.GRIMM / Nutrients on Asphalt Parking
SurlacesinanUrban Environment 371-390
C.HUBER,M.BAUMGARTEN,A.GOTTLEIN and V.ROTTER/NitrogenTurnoverand
NitrateLeachingafter Bark Beetle Attack inMountainous SpruceStands ofthe
BavarianForestNational Park 391-414
H.MEESENBURG, A.MERINO,K.J.MEIWES and EO. BEESE / Effects of Long-term
ApplicationofAmmoniumSulphateonNitrogen FluxesinaBeech Ecosystem at
Soiling, Germany 415-426
S.E. MACHEFERT, N.B. DISE, KW.T GOULDING and P.G.WHITEBREAD / Nitrous
Oxide Emissions fromTwoRiparian Ecosystems:KeyControllingVariables 427-436
D.S. REAY, KA SMITH and A.C. EDWARDS / Nitrous Oxide in Agricultural Drainage
WatersFollowing Field Fertilisation 437-451
P.SCHLEPPI, E HAGEDORN and I. PROVIDOLI / Nitrate Leaching from a Moun
tain Forest Ecosystem with Gleysols Subjected to Experimentally Increased N
Deposition 453-467
V:STABLEANDRADIOGENICISOTOPESINTHE ENVIRONMENT
S.N. CHILLRUD,RE BOPp, J.M. ROSS, DA CHAKY, S.HEMMING, E.L.SHUSTER,
H.J. SIMPSON and E ESTABROOKS / Radiogenic Lead Isotopes and Time
Stratigraphy intheHudson River,NewYork 469-482
D. FOWLER, U.SKIBA, E. NEMITZ, E CHOUBEDAR, D. BRANFORD, R DONOVAN
and P. ROWLAND / MeasuringAerosol and Heavy Metal Deposition on Urban
WoodlandandGrassUsingInventoriesof210PbandMetalConcentrationsinSoil 483-499
D.HOULE,R.CARIGNAN and J.ROBERGE /The Transitof35S0/ ' and 3H20 Added
InSitutoSoilinaBoreal Coniferous Forest 501-516
M.NovAK, R.L.MICHEL, E.PRECHOvAand M. STEPANOvA/The Missing Fluxina
35SBudget fortheSoilsofaSmall PollutedCatchment 517-529
I.ROBERTSON, N.J.LOADER,D.McCARROLL,A.H.C.CARTER, L.CHENG and S.w.
LEAVITT/813CofTree-Ring LigninasanIndirect Measure ofClimate Change 531-544
L.ROCKandB.MAYER/IsotopicAssessmentofSourcesofSurfaceWaterNitratewithin
theOldman RiverBasin, SouthernAlberta,Canada 545-562
VI:MERCURY ANDMETALS
G.BEASLYand P.E.KNEALE /AssessmentofHeavy Metal and PAHContamination of
UrbanStreambedSedimentsonMacroinvertebrates 563-578
C.E. JOHNSON, R.J. PETRAS, R.H. APRIL and T.G. SICCAMA / Post-Glacial Lead
Dynamics inaForestSoil 579-590
O.MANDER, A.KULLandJ.FREY/ResidualCadmium andLead PollutionataFormer
SovietMilitaryAirfield inTartu,Estonia 591-606
J.MUNTHE andH.HULTBERG/Mercuryand MethylmercuryinRunofffromaForested
Catchment- Concentrations,Fluxes,andtheir ResponsetoManipulations 607-618
T.NAVRATIL, M.VACH,P.SKRIVAN,M.MIHALJEVIC and I.DOBESOvA/ Deposition
andFateofLeadinaForestedCatchment, LesniPotok,CentralCzech Republic 619-630
E. VAVOULIDOU, E.J. AVRAMIDES, P. PAPADOPOULOS and A. DIMIRKOU / Trace
Metals inDifferentCrop/CultivationSystems inGreece 631-640
VII:PHOSPHORUS
H.P.JARVIE, C. NEAL and R.J. WILLIAMS / Assessing Changes in Phosphorus Con
centrations inRelation toIn-StreamPlantEcology inLowland Permeable Catch
ments: BringingEcosystem,FunctioningintoWaterQualityMonitoring 641-655
J. VYMAZAL / Removalof Phosphorus in Constructed Wetlands with Horizontal Sub
Surface FlowintheCzech Republic 657-670
VIII:SCALING OFBIOGEOCHEMICALPROCESSES
C.AKELSSON,J.HOLMQVIST,M.ALVETEG,D.KURZandH.SVERDRUP/Scalingand
Mapping RegionalCalculationsofSoilChemical WeatheringRatesinSweden 671-681
M. RANTAKARI, P.KORTELAINEN,J.VUORENMM,J. MANNIO and M. FORSIUS/
FinnishLakeSurvey:The RoleofCatchmentAttributes inDeterminingNitrogen,
Phosphorus, andOrganicCarbon Concentrations 683-699
IX:SOILORGANIC MATTERAND DOC
I.CAQADOR,A.L.COSTAandC.VALE/Carbon StorageinTagusSaltMarshSediments 701-714
M.STARRand L.UKONMAANAHO/Levels and CharacteristicsofTOC inThroughfall,
ForestFloorLeachateandSoilSolutioninUndisturbedBorealForestEcosystems 715-729
X:BIOGEOCHEMISTRYOFRESTORED ECOSYSTEMS
A.E.LUGO,W.L.SILVERandS.M.COLON/BiomassandNutrient DynamicsofRestored
NeotropicalForests 731-746
ListofReviewers 747-748
PREFACE
Fifteen years have passed since a small group of researchers at the Czech Geo
logical Survey boldly convened a conference called GEOMON, Geochemical
Monitoring in Representative Basins, held in Prague in 1987. The focus of the
original GEOMON conference was rather narrow - monitoring of element pools
and fluxeson a small catchment scale.Signaling adesire tobroaden the focus toa
more biogeochemical orientation, the 1993 meeting, also in Prague, was renamed
BIOGEOMON.Tofoster wider internationalparticipationandcooperation,in1997
BIOGEOMONwas held at Villanova University in Pennsylvania. The most recent
iteration of BIOGEOMON was held at the University of Reading in the United
Kingdom and was the largest of the series of BIOGEOMON meetings to date. At
Reading, BIOGEOMONhosted 43 invited speakers, 96 contributed talks and over
150poster presentations.Over260delegates cametoReading inAugust2002from
25 countries around the world.
At Reading, themes that always have been strong at BIOGEOMON were con
tinued: catchment monitoring and manipulations, catchment and regional-scale
modeling, nitrogen transformations and processes, and stable and radiogenic iso
topes in the environment. Beyond these traditionally emphasized themes, other
sessions focused on mercury and metal dynamics, phosphorus, scaling of biogeo
chemical processes, terrestrial DOC and soil organic matter, rhizosphere biogeo
chemistry, biogeochemistry ofrestored ecosystems, and archives of global change
on the continents. Most of these themes are represented in this Special Issue, a
collection of peer-reviewed articles.
Ashuman populationgrowthcontinues intothe21stcentury, stresses onecosys
tem function and compromising of life-essential ecosystem services will increase,
locally, regionally, and globally. From monitoring through process-based investi
gation through modeling - a spectrum of research effort that is well represented
in this Special Issue - biogeochemistry and ecosystem science will play an in
creasingly critical role in providing the scientific basis for informing public policy
and decision making. In a world where local and regional political stability seems
uncertain, itisourhope that international cooperation and collaboration inbiogeo
chemistry and ecosystem science can contribute to peace and stability. We are
committedtoorganizing future BIOGEOMONmeetings atregular intervals.
MARTIN NovAK
MELANIE A. VILE
R. KELMAN WIEDER
July 2003
Water, Air,andSoilPollution: Focus 4: I,2004.
©2004KluwerAcademicPublishers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Special Issue would not have come into being without the dedication and
enthusiasm of many individuals. Hosting a conference such as BIOGEOMON,
without the support of a particular professional or scientific society, is a chal
lenge. Many people from the University of Reading worked tirelessly to make
BIOGEOMON, The Fourth International Symposium on Ecosystem Behaviour, a
smoothly run and highly successful conference. Special kudos to Hannah Prior as
the BIOGEOMONOrganising Committee Chair, to Paul Whitehead, Chair of the
Local Arrangements Committee, and to Heather Browning, who handled the ad
ministration andfinancialaspects ofthemeeting. OthersattheUniversity ofRead
ing deserving special thanks include Nicola Flynn, RewIslam, J. SteveRobinson,
GemmaTurner, and Patricia Whittaker. Special thanks go to the abstract volume
committee (Merritt Turetsky, University of Alberta, Chair; Susan Crow, Oregon
State University; Hannah Prior; Gemma Turner), whospent hours prior tothecon
ference editing andformatting abstracts, and putting together the conference Book
ofAbstracts. The academic programme of BIOGEOMON was organized by Mar
tin Novak and Tomas Paces (Czech Geological Survey), Melanie Vile (Princeton
University), R. Kelman Wieder (VillanovaUniversity), and Hannah Prior.
Allindividuals whopresented research atBIOGEOMONhad theoptionofsub
mitting a manuscript for inclusion in this Special Issue. We had 80 manuscripts
submitted,arecord forBIOGEOMON,ofwhich 50appear here. Weareespecially
grateful to the 154individuals around the world who helped us by reviewing ma
nuscripts; we wish that we could do more to thank them than to include a list
of reviewers as a part of this Special Issue. Megan McGroddy (Princeton Univer
sity) and Kimberli Scott (VillanovaUniversity) contributed in an outstanding way
through assisting inreviewer selection and through careful and thorough finaledi
torialchecking ofmanuscripts.Wealsoareverygratefulfortheassistance, support,
and patience of Betty van Herk of Kluwer Academic Publishers in working with
usto make this Special Issue happen.
Finally, our respective institutions,The University ofReading, the Czech Geo
logical Survey,andVillanovaUniversityprovided generous supportinwaysunseen
tomakeBIOGEOMONhappenonceagain.Additional support wasprovidedbythe
Aquatic Environments Research Centre, Lloyds TSB Bank PIc., and The Simon
Barratt Fund.
MARTIN NovAK, Guest Editor
HANNAH PRIOR,BIOGEOMONOrganising Committee Chair
MELANIE A. VILE,Guest Editor
PAULWHITEHEAD, BIOGEOMONLocal Arrangements Chair
R. KELMAN WIEDER, Guest Editor
Water, Air,andSoilPollution:Focus 4: 3,2004.
©2004 KluwerAcademicPublishers.
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY: SOME OPPORTUNITIESAND CHALLENGES
FOR THEFUTURE
GENE E.LIKENS
InstituteofEcosystemStudies,Millbrook,New York12545, U.S.A.
(*authorforcorrespondence, e-mail:[email protected])
(Received20August2002;accepted6April2003)
Abstract. There are major opportunitiesforbig, important questionstodrivebiogeochemical re
search in the future. Some suggestions are presented, such as: what are the controls on N loss
andretention inwatershed-ecosystems;whataretheratesandcontrolsonbiologicalNfixationand
denitrificationindiverseecosystems;howdoesscale(temporal andspatial)controlbiogeochemical
fluxandcycling;whatcontrols theapparentandactualweathering ratesinterrestrialecosystemsand
whatisthefateofthe weathered products;howcanbiogeochemical function bestbeintegratedon
regionaltoglobalscales;and whatarethequantitativeinterrelationshipsbetween hydrologiccycles
and biogeochemical cycles? Some brief examples and approaches to address such questions, for
example,thevalueofmultidisciplinary teams foraddressingcomplicated questions,and theuseof
sophisticatedtools(e.g.,stableisotopes,spatialstatistics,remotesensing),arepresented.
Keywords: acid rain, antibiotics,biogeochemistry, eutrophication, hydrology, legacies, N and Ca
cycling,scale,weathering
1. Introduction
Upon learning that the Desdemona he had just murdered in a jealous rage was
'indeed without guilt, Othello calls down extreme torments upon himself- devils,
winds, hot sulphur, liquid fire (Othello, the Moor of Venice, Act V - Scene II,
Shakespeare, 1564-1616).Whilethe windbornesulfurdepositedonland andwater
of eastern North America and western and central Europe over the past century or
so may be less dramatic than is called to mind by this Shakespearean prose, its
continuing addition to these ecosystems is neither trivial nor without ecological
'torment'.
Indeed,the atmosphericdeposition of'hotsulphur' inacid deposition hasnever
killed anyone directly, and thus its guilt is subtle (difficult to detect), and its ser
ious, long-term effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have been difficult
to monitor and ultimately control. Despite governmental attempts to reduce acid
deposition by reducing the precursor emissions of NO and particularly S02, acid
x
deposition continues and its impacts persist at the ecological and biogeochemical
level. Now, however, data are accumulating that show major direct human health
effects of the particulate matteremitted as part of the overall air pollution problem
associated with acid deposition (e.g., Pyn, 2002; Kaiser, 2000). Ironically, some
.... Water,Air,andSoil Pollution:Focus 4: 5-24,2004.
ft
©2004KluwerAcademicPublishers.
6 G.E.LIKENS
TABLEI
Somemajorquestions andchallenges forbiogeochemistry
1. Whatarethespecificeffects andrelationships oftheincreasing sizeofthehumanpopu
lationonfluxandcyclingofelements,andwhatarethebiogeochemical effectsofforcing
functions oftenincongruent inspaceandtimeassociatedwiththesechanges?
2. What controls fluxes of Nand P to and from natural and human-dominated (cities,
agricultural) ecosystems?
- effectofdisturbance/nutrientsaturation!instream-watershedretention!denitrification!
interactions withotherelementcycles;
- effectsofatmospheric deposition,andflowsoffertilizer,food, waste.
3. What is and what controls C sequestration in diverse ecosystems (e.g., forest, ocean,
lakes,wetlands)onvariabletemporalandspatial scales?
4. What controls weathering rates, and what are the fates of the weathered products,
including nutrientlossinterrestrialecosystems?
5. Whatisthequalitativeandquantitativeroleofnon-humananimalsinthefluxandcycling
of nutrients, and what are the long-term effects of these fluxes (e.g., guano and other
wasteproducts)?
6. Howdothefluxandcyclingofantibiotics,steroids,hormonesandpharmaceuticalsaffect
element fluxandcycling?
7. What is thequantitative linkage between biogeochemistry and species richness, species
extinctionandinvasionofalienspecies?
8. Whataretheeffectsoflagsandlegaciesoncurrentandfuturebiogeochemical fluxesand
cycles?
9. Whatarethequantitative interrelationshipsbetween hydrologyandbiogeochemistry?
10. How can a better synoptic understanding of the biogeochemical flux, cycling and
interactionofelementsamongair,landandwater(includingocean)systemsbeachieved?
II. What are the critical linkages and feedbacks among major nutrient and toxic element
fluxesandcycles?
12. Whatarethepotentialimpactsofbioterrorism onbiogeochemical fluxesandcycles,and
humanwelfarethatdepends onthesecycles?
estimates of the death toll related to such air pollution particles are controversial
because of a glitch in the statistical software; nevertheless, morbidity estimates in
theU.S.appear tobelarge (Kaiser, 2002).
Myobjectivehereistoidentify someofthecurrentmajorchallenges forbiogeo
chemistry where intensive research and creative thinking could be especially re
warding (TableI).Iexpand brieflyonfourofthese: two(fluxandcyclingofN,and
weathering release of Ca) that have been studied extensively for long periods and
two (impacts of legacies, and the flux,cycling and effects of antibiotics, steroids,
hormones, etc.) that have been studied less well from a biogeochemical point of
view.My focus will be on biogeochemical flux and cycling. Flux is defined as a