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BIOGENIC NANOMATERIALS Structural Properties and Functional Applications Innovations in Biotechnology BIOGENIC NANOMATERIALS Structural Properties and Functional Applications Edited by Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD Saher Islam, PhD Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD Natália Cruz-Martins, PhD First edition published 2023 Apple Academic Press Inc. CRC Press 1265 Goldenrod Circle, NE, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Palm Bay, FL 32905 USA Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 USA 4164 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, 4 Park Square, Milton Park, ON, L7L 1A4 Canada Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN UK © 2023 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Apple Academic Press exclusively co-publishes with CRC Press, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication CIP data on file with Canada Library and Archives Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP data on file with US Library of C ongress ISBN: 978-1-77463-838-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-77463-839-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-00327-714-9 (ebk) INNOVATIONS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY BOOK SERIES SERIES EDITOR Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD Associate Professor, Karnatak University, Dharwad, South India BOOKS IN THE SERIES Fundamentals of Molecular Mycology Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD, and Muniswamy David, PhD Biotechnology of Microorganisms: Diversity, Improvement, and Application of Microbes for Food Processing, Healthcare, Environmental Safety, and Agriculture Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD, Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD, Somboon Tanasupawat, PhD, and Pradnya Pralhad Kanekar, PhD Phycobiotechnology: Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Algae and Algal Products for Food, Feed, and Fuel Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD, Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD, Sanyasi Elumalai, PhD, and Shivasharana Chandrabanda Thimmappa, PhD Biogenic Nanomaterials: Structural Properties and Functional Applications Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD, Saher Islam, PhD, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD, Natália Cruz-Martins, PhD ABOUT THE EDITORS Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD Associate Professor, Karnatak University, Dharwad, South India, and Editor-in-Chief, Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, and Acta Biologica Indica Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD, is an Associate Professor at Karnatak University in South India and Editor-in-Chief of the international journals Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, and Acta Biologica Indica. He has authored/edited over 30 books with national and international publishers and has visited 24 countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East for academic visits, scientific meetings, and international collaborations. He received his PhD in Botany from Sri Krishnadevaraya University in South India as a CSIR Senior Research Fellow with funding from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. He served as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Madeira, Portugal; University of Delhi, India; and ICAR National Research Centre for Banana, India. He is the recipient of a Best Young Scientist Award with a Gold Medal from Acharya Nagarjuna University, India, and the VGST-SMYSR Young Scientist Award of the Government of Karnataka, Republic of India. Saher Islam, PhD Visiting Lecturer, Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan Saher Islam, PhD, is Visiting Lecturer at the Department of Biotechnology of Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan. She received her PhD in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. She was an IRSIP Scholar at Cornell University, New York and Visiting Scholar at West Virginia State University, West Virginia in USA. She has keen research interests in genetics, molecular biology, biotechnology, and bioinformatics and has ample hands-on expe rience in molecular marker analysis, whole genome sequencing and RNA sequencing. She has visited the USA, UK, Singapore, Germany, Italy and Russia for academic and scientific trainings, courses, and meetings. She is viii About the Editors the recipient of 2016 Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds Travel Grant from Euro pean Molecular Biology Laboratory, Germany. She is an author/coauthor of 60 publications including journal articles, book chapters, books and confer ence presentations. Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD Assistant Professor, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, South India Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, South India. She has edited/co-edited several books in her research areas, which include environmental toxicology, environmental microbiology, environmental biotechnology, and environmental nanotech nology. She earned her BSc in Microbiology and PhD in Environmental Science from Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. She holds an MSc in Environmental Science from Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. She is the recipient of a Tamil Nadu Govern ment Scholarship and a Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship of the Univer sity Grants Commission, Government of India, for her doctoral studies. She served as a Dr. D.S. Kothari Postdoctoral Fellow and UGC Postdoctoral Fellow at Karnatak University, Dharwad, South India, during 2012–2016 with funding from the University Grants Commission, Government of India, New Delhi, India. Natália Cruz-Martins, PhD Invited Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Researcher at the Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences (FPCEUP); and Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal Natália Cruz-Martins, PhD, is currently an Invited Professor of the Faculty of Medicine, Researcher at the Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences (FPCEUP), and at the Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Portugal. She has worked as a university professor since 2017. She was the advisor of eight MSc and PhD theses and is a member of the evaluation panel of the College of Nutritionists (Porto, Portugal). She has participated in six About the Editors ix research projects funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT–Portugal) and NORTE2020–Northern Regional Opera tional Program, and has published more than 120 articles in peer-reviewed, highly reputed international journals (h-index: 21) and eight book chapters and has presented more than 40 communications at national and interna tional conferences. She obtained her BSc in Dietetics and Nutrition and her PhD in Chemical and Biological Engineering under the scope of applied chemistry and biochemistry, food science and nutrition, and clinical micro biology from the University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. She also held several specializations in evidence-based medicine, applied and clinical nutrition, and integrative medicine.