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Green Energy and Technology Pruk Aggarangsi Sirichai Koonaphapdeelert Saoharit Nitayavardhana James Moran Biogas Technology in Southeast Asia Green Energy and Technology Climatechange,environmentalimpactandthelimitednaturalresourcesurgescien- tific research and novel technical solutions. The monograph series Green Energy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustainable—technolo- gies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers “green” solutions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy and Tech- nology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as well as decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation spans frominstructionaltohighlytechnical. **IndexedinScopus**. **IndexedinEiCompendex**. · · Pruk Aggarangsi Sirichai Koonaphapdeelert · Saoharit Nitayavardhana James Moran Biogas Technology in Southeast Asia PrukAggarangsi SirichaiKoonaphapdeelert DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering ChiangMaiUniversity ChiangMaiUniversity ChiangMai,Thailand ChiangMai,Thailand SaoharitNitayavardhana JamesMoran DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering ChiangMaiUniversity ChiangMaiUniversity ChiangMai,Thailand ChiangMai,Thailand ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) GreenEnergyandTechnology ISBN 978-981-19-8886-8 ISBN 978-981-19-8887-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8887-5 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Tothebiogascommunity,letourcollective visionforrenewableenergy,recycledwaste andacleanerenvironmentkeepprogressing towardacarbon-freefuture Preface This is the first edition of our book, Biogas Technology in Southeast Asia. It is authoredbyPrukAggarangsi,SirichaiKoonaphapdeelert,SaoharitNitayavardhana and James Moran. The authors have worked closely with the editorial team from Springer Nature to publish this book. There are a total of eight chapters covering biogasproduction,preprocessing,operation,cleaningandenduseapplications.Each chapter is a self contained unit. It is not necessary to read them all in sequence. Chapter1introducesbiogasandmakesacaseforincludingitinacountriesrenew- ableenergymix.Chapter2introducestheproductionprocess.Thebiochemicalreac- tionsandpathwaystakenduringbiogasproductionareintroduced.Theterminology associatedwithbiogasdigestersisexplained.Chapter3concernsitselfwiththewide varietyofdigesterscurrentlyavailable.Eachdigestertypehasuniqueattributesthat makeitsuitableforaparticularfeedstock,climateandeconomicoutlay.Particular attention is paid to those that are exclusively designed for use in Southeast Asia. Chapter4isaspecializedchapterforthepretreatmentoflignocellulosicfeedstock (biomass)beforeitcanbedigested.SincemostfeedstockinSoutheastAsiaiswastew- ater, this pretreatment step is unnecessary. However if crops, grass, wood, etc. are being used to generate biogas, then it becomes necessary to pretreat. Chapter 5 is abouttheoperationandcontrolofthedigester.Nowadays,automaticcontrolisonly sporadicallyused,butthisislikelytochangeinthefutureasourunderstandingofthe complexprocessbroadens.Thougheachbiogasplantisdifferent,theyallhavesome operationalproceduresincommonthatensureasafeandstabledigester.Chapter6is apost-treatmentchapter.Theoutputfromthedigesterincludeswastewater(cleaner but still too polluted to release back into the environment) and sludge in addition to biogas. Treating this wastewater so it can be released into the environment and dryingthesludgeforfertilizeraretheprocessesdiscussedinthischapter.Chapter7 introducesthemanyusesforbiogas,fromheatproductiontofuelcells.Severalappli- cationsrequirethebiogastobecleanedand/ordried.Thelevelofpurityrequiredis dependentonthedestination.Chapter8concludeswithacasestudyonthedesign andconstructionofabiogasdigesterintheSouthofThailand. Thegrowingimportancetodevelopnon-intermittentsourcesofrenewableener- giesisthedrivingforcebehindextractingenergyfrombiomass.Biogasisonesuch vii viii Preface source and has its own advantages over other biomass energy products, such as bioethanol, because it can be produced from organic waste products. Southeast Asia produces plenty of organic waste but suffers from take-off options for the biogas.Farmsandorganicproducersarelocatedawayfrompopulationcenters,and unlikeEurope,SoutheastAsiaisnotnetworkedwithgasgrids.Transportingbiogas economicallyorusingitclosetoproductionarechallenges.Manybiogasplantsare constructedduetoregulationrequiringtreatmentofthiswastewater.Thetraditional treatment is to place the wastewater in open ponds where the gases produced get releasedtotheatmosphere.Methanehasaglobalwarmingpotential25timesgreater thancarbondioxide,andtherefore,everyeffortshouldbemadetocaptureanduse itproductivelyorattheveryleastflareitsafely. The aim of this book is to provide a description of techniques, processes and necessaryprocedures toturnbioproducts intobiogas.Themicrobialreactions that govern the process are discussed early, but the focus of this book is on the engi- neeringrequiredtoselectandconstructbiogasdigesters.Thepre-andpost-treatments required for the feedstock and estimating the production rate from the feedstock supply and pollution level. The civil engineering involved in digester construction isaseparatetopic,notdiscussedindetailherebutlefttootherdedicatedbookson thismatter.Mostofthesubjectmattercomesfromthedesignofbiogasplantsfrom agriculturalfarmsacrossSoutheastAsia,inparticularThailandwhichiswherethe authorsarebased. Thisbookfocusesonbiogasproducedfromorganicagriculturalwasteandfood processingplantssincethesearetheareastheauthorshavedirectexperiencewith. Biogasfromlandfillgas,sewagesludgeandmunicipalwastearenotdiscussedinthis book mainly because Southeast Asia does not have many of these types of biogas plants. Biogas from these sources is typically more expensive as it contains more impuritiesthatneedtoberemovedpriortocombustion. Severalsectionsofthebookdealwitheconomicissues,suchasplantconstruction andoperatingcosts.Chapter8isacasestudyonaplantbuiltintheSouthofThailand. ThecostsareinThaibaht.Costs,especiallylaborcost,willofcoursebedifferent elsewhere.WherepossiblethecostsarepresentedinUSdollarsataconversionrate of$1=฿33.Sincethisconversionratefluctuatesonadailybasis,pricespresented indollarsshouldbeusedonlyasaguide.TechnicaldatahereispresentedinSIunits wherepossible.InsomecircumstanceswhentheoriginaldataispresentedinEnglish units,thenitisleftassuch.Unitsforproductionofbiomethaneareusuallyexpressed as Nm3/h,whichstandsfornormalcubicmeterperhourunderstandardconditions of0°Cand1atm(101.325kPa). ChiangMai,Thailand PrukAggarangsi SirichaiKoonaphapdeelert SaoharitNitayavardhana JamesMoran Acknowledgments Theassistanceofmanyindividualswhocontributedmaterialandsuggestedimprove- mentsisgratefullyacknowledged.Thanksarealsoduetothecompaniesandorga- nizationswhograciouslyprovideddataandgavepermissionforreproducingcharts andfigures.Thenumberofsuchorganizationsistoolargetopermitindividualrecog- nitionhere;however,theyaregenerallyidentifiedinthetextasthesourcesofspecific data.TheauthorswishtothanktheresearchersandstaffattheEnergyResearchand Development Institute Nakornping of Chiang Mai University (ERDI-CMU) who havecontinuouslybeenconductingresearchanddevelopmentintorenewableener- gieswithafocusonbiogasanditsmanyapplications.SpecialthanksalsogoestoMr. PanutatInjaimaandMr.WarutYuennanfortheirhelpwiththegraphicdesign.Among themanywhohavesupportedandfinancedthisresearchovertheyears,specialthanks goestotheEnergyConservationFund(ENCONfund),theThaiMinistryofEnergy. WewouldliketoacknowledgeourpartnersthroughouttheyearsincludetheThai BiogasTradeAssociation,AgrikompGmbH,ChiangMaiFreshMilkFarmCo.,and specialthankstoNamHongPowerCo.forallowingustosharethedetailsofbiogas designandconstructionasacasestudyforthebook. Other significant contributor to this first edition is Chandra Sekaran our patient editor. Finally, we wish to express gratitude to our families for their support and patienceduringthepreparationofthisbook.Toallfellowresearchersinthefieldof biogas,wewishtoextendourdeepestgratitudeandthanks. ix About This Book BiogasTechnologyinSoutheastAsiaisfocusedontheapplicationsofbiogastech- nology to waste and wastewater management problems commonly experienced in SoutheastAsia.Thebookcontentisbalancedbetweenintensivebiologicalprocess andtheauthors’fieldexperienceofbiogasdigesterdesignsandoperation.Thebook beginswithbasicexplanationonanaerobicdigestionprocessoforganicmatterspecif- icallyonwasteandwastewaterproducedfromagriculturalindustriesintheregion, including swine farms, palm oil mills and tapioca starch factories. Specific biogas yieldsanddigestionconditionsareexplainedandverifiedusingdataprovidedbythe EnergyResearchandDevelopmentInstituteNakornpingofChiangMaiUniversity. Thisbookalsoemphasizesdigesterselectionanddesignbasedonfeedstockinputand otherengineeringconditions.Readerswillbetoestimateandvisualizetheproject scale from the major components. Biogas operating conditions are discussed with crucialparameterssuggestedformonitoring.Lastly,biogasutilizationinelectricity and heat production are presented based on applicability in the region. This book shouldbesuitableforgeneralaudiencesuptoprojectdevelopersandplantoperators. The authors aim the share existing experience and lessons learned, contributing to thebiogascommunity. xi