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SPRINGER BRIEFS IN APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY Eiji Tomita Nobuyuki Kawahara Ulugbek Azimov Biogas Combustion Engines for Green Energy Generation 123 SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology SpringerBriefs present concise summaries of cutting-edge research and practical applicationsacrossawidespectrumoffields.Featuringcompactvolumesof50to 125pages,theseriescoversarangeofcontentfromprofessionaltoacademic. 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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/8884 · · Eiji Tomita Nobuyuki Kawahara Ulugbek Azimov Biogas Combustion Engines for Green Energy Generation EijiTomita NobuyukiKawahara OkayamaUniversity DepartmentofAdvancedMechanics Okayama,Japan OkayamaUniversity Okayama,Japan UlugbekAzimov DepartmentofMechanical andConstructionEngineering NorthumbriaUniversity NewcastleuponTyne,UK ISSN2191-530X ISSN2191-5318 (electronic) SpringerBriefsinAppliedSciencesandTechnology ISBN978-3-030-94537-4 ISBN978-3-030-94538-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94538-1 ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface This book covers fundamentals on the combustion and exhaust gas emissions of biogas-fueledgasengines.Today,internalcombustionenginesforpowergeneration are very common, using fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and natural gas. However,thecarbondioxideemittedfromtheseengineswillbelimitedinthefuture to prevent global warming. Therefore, we need to use green fuels in the future. Biogasisconsideredtobearenewablesourceofenergy.Biogascanbeproducedby anaerobicdigestionprocessfromrawmaterialssuchasagriculturalwaste,manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, raw garbage, food waste, etc. It can also be used as a renewable energy source for the future, and will be very effective in helpingtopreventglobalwarming. Biogas is a mixture of gases consisting mainly of methane and carbon dioxide, the ratio of which depends on the feedstock used for anaerobic digestion and the methodofupgrading.Thelowerthepercentageofcarbondioxide,thecloserthefuel’s properties are to natural gas. Internal combustion engines will never be gradually discontinued,onthecontrary,theywillbeviableinthefutureaslongasgreenfuels areused.Intermsofenergyconversion,enginesystemshavetremendouspotential iftheycanbeusedforboththegenerationofelectricityandproductionofheatfrom chemicalenergysources. The purpose of this book is to introduce to a reader the existing research on combustion and exhaust gas emissions for both biogas spark ignition engines and biogasdual-fuelengines.Thebookalsodescribesseveraladvancedcombustiontech- niquestoimprovethethermalefficiencyofengines,whichcouldbedirectly applied tobiogasengines.Wehopethatthisbookwillbeofinteresttoscientificresearchers, professors,graduatestudents,andpracticingengineers. Okayama,Japan EijiTomita Okayama,Japan NobuyukiKawahara NewcastleuponTyne,UK UlugbekAzimov v Contents 1 Significance of Biogas,ItsProduction and UtilizationinGas Engines ........................................................ 1 1.1 SignificanceofPreventingGlobalWarming ..................... 2 1.2 BiomassandBiofuels ........................................ 3 1.3 SourcesofBiogas ........................................... 4 1.4 AnaerobicDigestion(AD) .................................... 5 1.5 PurificationandUpgradingofBiogas ........................... 7 1.6 BiogasUtilizationinGasEngines .............................. 9 References ...................................................... 9 2 CombustionandExhaustEmissionsofBiogasSparkIgnition Engines ........................................................ 13 2.1 Introduction ................................................ 14 2.2 FundamentalsofCombustioninSparkIgnitionEngines ........... 15 2.2.1 SparkDischarge ...................................... 15 2.2.2 BurningVelocityandFlameStructure .................... 16 2.3 Effects of Various Parameters on Engine Performance andExhaustEmissions ....................................... 20 2.3.1 CO RatioandEquivalenceRatio ....................... 20 2 2.3.2 CompressionRatio .................................... 25 2.3.3 HydrogenAddition .................................... 26 2.3.4 EGR ................................................ 28 2.3.5 FuelProperty ......................................... 28 2.3.6 OtherPhysicalParameters .............................. 29 2.4 KnockingandMethaneNumber ............................... 30 2.4.1 VisualizationofAutoignitionintheEnd-GasRegion andKnockOccurrence ................................. 30 2.4.2 EstimationofAutoignitionTiming ...................... 31 2.4.3 MethaneNumber ..................................... 32 2.5 Pre-chamberTypeforLeanBurnEngine ........................ 35 2.6 SimulationofBiogasCombustioninSIEngines ................. 36 References ...................................................... 36 vii viii Contents 3 CombustionandExhaustEmissionsofBiogasDual-FuelEngines .... 43 3.1 Introduction ................................................ 44 3.2 VisualizationofDual-FuelCombustion ......................... 45 3.3 Effects of Various Parameters on Engine Performance andExhaustEmissions ....................................... 46 3.3.1 BiogasFlowRateandLoad ............................ 46 3.3.2 CO RatioinBiogas ................................... 51 2 3.3.3 EGR ................................................ 51 3.3.4 LiquidFuelInjected ................................... 52 3.3.5 CompressionRatio .................................... 54 3.3.6 HydrogenAddition .................................... 54 3.3.7 OtherParameters ..................................... 56 3.4 HigherOutputPowerandThermalEfficiencywithMicroPilot Dual-FuelEngine ............................................ 57 3.4.1 PREMIERCombustion ................................ 57 3.4.2 ExperimentalSetupandDataEvaluation ................. 58 3.4.3 ResultsandDiscussion ................................ 59 References ...................................................... 67 4 Advanced Combustion Technologies for Higher Thermal Efficiency ....................................................... 73 4.1 Introduction ................................................ 74 4.2 HCCI—HomogeneousChargeCompressionIgnition ............. 75 4.2.1 ConceptofHCCICombustion .......................... 75 4.2.2 LowTemperatureCombustioninDieselEngines .......... 77 4.2.3 HCCICombustioninBiogasEngines .................... 79 4.3 RCCI—ReactivityControlledCompressionIgnition .............. 81 4.4 SACI—SparkAssistedCompressionIgnition .................... 84 4.5 PREMIER—PremixedMixtureIgnitionintheEnd-GasRegion .... 85 4.6 AdvancedIgnitionSystems ................................... 87 4.6.1 LaserIgnition ........................................ 88 4.6.2 Non-thermalPlasma-AssistedIgnitionSystem ............ 93 4.7 Others ..................................................... 94 4.8 Summary ................................................... 95 References ...................................................... 95 Chapter 1 Significance of Biogas, Its Production and Utilization in Gas Engines Abstract Fightingglobalwarmingisurgentproblemintheworldnow.Thischapter describes the significance of preventing global warming. Effective utilization of biomass is one of the very important pathways for renewable energies. Among biofuels such as biochar, biodiesel, ethanol, producer gas, biogas, etc. this book focuses on biogas. Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion (AD) process. Purifiedandupgradedbiogasisusedforproducinghighqualitymethaneforinjection in natural gas pipelines and engines. Biogas has been used in both, spark ignition enginesanddual-fuelengines.Itisimportanttoutilizebiogasenginesforproducing electricityandheatbecausebiogasissuitabletolocalproductionforlocalconsump- tion.Internalcombustionenginesareconsideredasimportantsystemsforconversion ofchemicalenergycontainedinbiogastopowerandelectricity.Theenginetechnolo- gieshavebeendevelopedandimprovedforacentury.Thisbookcoverscharacteristics ofcombustionandexhaustemissionsinsparkignitionenginesanddual-fuelengines fueled with biogas, as well as several new engine combustion technologies which canbeappliedtobiogasengines. · · · · Keywords Biogas Anaerobicdigestion Globalwarming Carbondioxide · · · · Methane Gasengine Purificationofbiogas Upgradingofbiogas Greenhouse gas Abbreviations AD Anaerobicdigestion CHP Combinedheatandpower CH Methane 4 CO Carbondioxide 2 GHG Greenhousegas GWP Globalwarmingpotential H S Hydrogensulfide 2 IPCC Intergovernmentalpanelonclimatechange ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 1 E.Tomitaetal.,BiogasCombustionEnginesforGreenEnergyGeneration, SpringerBriefsinAppliedSciencesandTechnology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94538-1_1 2 1 SignificanceofBiogas,ItsProductionandUtilization… MCS Microcrystallinesilica NH Ammonia 3 NO Nitricoxides x PSA Pressureswingadsorption VFAs Volatilefattyacids VOCs Volatileorganiccompounds WBA WorldBiogasAssociation 1.1 SignificanceofPreventingGlobalWarming ScientistshavebeenwarningaboutclimatechangeonEarthfordecades.TheParis Agreement,alegallyenforceableinternationalclimatechangepact,wasestablished in 2015. By the end of the twenty-first century, this accord suggests that when comparedtopre-industriallevels,wemust keepthechangeofworldaveragetemper- aturesbelow2°C,preferably1.5°C.AccordingtotheIntergovernmentalPanelon ClimateChange(IPCC)whichstipulatesthattoachievenetzeroglobalgreenhouse gas(GHG)emissionsby2050itisrequiredtokeepglobaltemperaturesbelow1.5°C [1].Itwasrecommendedthatby2030,asharpandpersistentdownwardtrajectory leadingtoa45%reductionincarbondioxide(CO )emissionsfrom2010levelsmust 2 beaccomplished.Eachcountryisnowtryingtoresetascenariotoachievethetarget fortheyear2030.Increaseinrenewableenergyisanurgentissueforeverycountry. There are several renewable energies such as solar, wind, hydraulic, geothermal, tidal,etc.,whichareusedforgeneratingelectricity.Biomassisalsoconsideredtobe oneoftheimportantrenewableenergysources. Themaingaseswhichcontributetothegreenhousegasincludeabout76%CO 2 andabout16%methane(CH )(carbondioxideequivalent)[2].TheratioofCO has 4 2 increasedgraduallyfrom1970.Inparticular,CO emissionsduetocombustionof 2 fossilfuelsandutilizationofindustrialprocesseswere~15Gt/year(55%)in1970 whiletheywere~32GT/year(67%)in2010.Thereductionofcarbondioxidehas received a great deal of attention because of the increase due to human activity of consumptionoffossilfuelsintheworld.Itisimportanttoensureagradualdecrease infossilfuelcombustionandconsumptionbypowerplantsandinternalcombustion engines.However,thereductionofCO emissionbecomesurgentnowanditmust 2 bereducedquitesignificantly.Therefore,themeasurestoavoidburningfossilfuels suchascoal,petroleum,andnaturalgasisdiscussedinindustrysection.Inparticular, anumberofcoalpowerplantswillhavetobedecreasedbecauseoftheirveryhigh CO emissionsperunitofpowertheyproduce. 2 According to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange,theglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)ofCH ,whichiscommonly 4 expressedintermsofa100-yeartimeframe,isroughly28timeslargerthanthatof CO [3].Overa20-yearperiod,however,theGWPofCH becomes85timesworse 2 4 thanthatofCO [3].Therefore,loweringCH emissionsisalsoverycritical. 2 4