Biofuels: production and future perspectives

597 Pages·2017·20.803 MB·English

by  Gnansounou, Edgard, Pandey, Ashok, Singh, Ram Sarup

Biofuels
Production and Future Perspectives

Biofuels
Production and Future Perspectives
Edited by
Ram saRup singh
Punjabi University, Patiala, India
ashok pandey
CSIR - National Institute for
Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Trivandrum, India
edgaRd gnansounou
EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Singh, Ram Sarup, editor. | Pandey, Ashok, editor. | Gnansounou,
Edgard, editor.
Title: Biofuels : production and future perspectives / editors, Ram Sarup
Singh, Ashok Pandey, Edgard Gnansounou.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2016. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016012567 | ISBN 9781498723596 (alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Biofuels | Biomass | Biotechnology
Classification: LCC TP339 | NLM QV 241 | DDC 662/.88--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016012567
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Preface vii
Editors ix
Contributors xiii
SeCtion i overview of Biofuels
1. Biofuels: Historical Perspectives and Public Opinions 3
Ram Sarup Singh and Amandeep Kaur Walia
2. Climate Change, Biofuels, and Conflict 25
Tobias Ide and Kirsten Selbmann
3. Global Demands of Biofuels: Technologies, Economic Aspects, Market, and Policies 41
Ram Sarup Singh and Shivani Thakur
4. Trends and Sustainability Criteria for Liquid Biofuels 59
Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Gunda Mohanakrishna, Umesh Mishra, and Deepak Pant
SeCtion ii Production of Biofuels
5. Lipid-Based Biomasses as Feedstock for Biofuels Production 99
Somkiat Ngamprasertsith and Ruengwit Sawangkeaw
6. Solid Acid–Mediated Hydrolysis of Biomass for Producing Biofuels 139
Rajeev Kumar Sukumaran, Anil K. Mathew, and Meena Sankar
7. Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Biomass for Liquid Biofuels Production 163
Pallavi Yadav, Gaurav Mundada, Bijoy Biswas, Vartika Srivastava, Rawel Singh,
Bhavya B. Krishna, Jitendra Kumar, and Thallada Bhaskar
8. Hydroprocessing Challenges in Biofuel Production 187
Vartika Srivastava, Bijoy Biswas, Pallavi Yadav, Bhavya B. Krishna, Rawel Singh,
Jitendra Kumar, and Thallada Bhaskar
9. Production of Biodiesel from Renewable Resources 217
Ali Shemsedin Reshad, Pankaj Tiwari, and Vaibhav V. Goud
10. Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosics 237
Raveendran Sindhu, Ashok Pandey, and Parameswaran Binod
v
vi Contents
11. Process Design, Flowsheeting, and Simulation of Bioethanol Production
from Lignocelluloses 255
Mohsen Ali Mandegari, Somayeh Farzad, and Johann F. Görgens
12. Biobutanol Production from Lignocellulosics 283
Lalitha Devi Gottumukkala and Johann F. Görgens
SeCtion iii Biofuels from Algae
13. Algal Biofuels: Impacts, Significance, and Implications 313
Brenda Parker, David Benson, and Gill Malin
14. Microalgal Biofuels: Flexible Bioenergies for Sustainable Development 331
Jasvirinder Singh Khattar, Yadvinder Singh, Shahnaz Parveen, and Davinder Pal Singh
15. Microalgal Cultivation for Biofuels: Cost, Energy Balance, Environmental Impacts,
and Future Perspectives 363
M. Muthukumaran and V. Sivasubramaian
16. Photobioreactors for Microalgal Cultivation and Influence of Operational Parameters 413
M.V. Rohit, P. Chiranjeevi, C. Nagendranatha Reddy, and S. Venkata Mohan
17. Sustainable Biorefinery Design for Algal Biofuel Production 431
Didem Özçimen, Benan İnan, Anıl Tevfik Koçer, and Zubaidai Reyimu
SeCtion iV Future Perspectives of Biofuels
18. Novel Enzymes in Biofuel Production 461
Ranjeeta Bhari and Ram Sarup Singh
19. New Trends in Enzyme Immobilization and Nanostructured Interfaces
for Biofuel Production 491
Ranjeeta Bhari, Manpreet Kaur, and Ram Sarup Singh
20. Current Insights into Proteomics of Biofuel Crops and Cyanobacteria 511
Balwinder Singh Sooch, Manpreet Kaur Mann, and Ram Sarup Singh
21. Biofuel Cells: Concepts and Perspectives for Implantable Devices 541
Mukesh Yadav, Nirmala Sehrawat, Simran Preet Kaur, and Ram Sarup Singh
Index 567
Preface
Amidst the backdrop of declining energy resources and dwindling fossil fuels, there
has been a rise in global concern regarding the availability of food for the next gen-
eration with respect to finite natural resources. Ever since the Industrial Revolution
took off in the eighteenth century, an ever-increasing demand for energy by modern
society has been met by fossil fuels, signifying total dependence of humankind on
fossil fuels. Fossil fuels have taken millions of years to become available, and, thus,
their supply is finite and might become scarce, or even run out, in the near future.
Fossil fuel burning has led to the emission of enhanced carbon dioxide into the atmo-
sphere, a major cause of global warming, which apparently is leading to long-term
drastic changes in climate and sea level. To provide both power and fuel for trans-
port, alternative energy supplies are required. On all these frontiers, biofuels appear
to be part of the solution as an alternative, “greener” energy substitute for fossil fuels,
which can be replenished within a short time with additional benefits to the envi-
ronment. These renewable and sustainable biofuel resources are enough to feed the
energy-hungry civilization.
In recent times, liquid biofuels have attracted much interest, and there is an
unprecedented increase in biofuels production and utilization. The biofuels market
has been growing since the early 2000s owing to the need to enhance energy security
and promote agriculture/rural development, affecting global agricultural commodity
markets. Nations around the world require staggering amounts of energy for various
sectors, and meeting this ever-increasing demand in a way that minimizes energy
disruptions is a key challenge of the twenty-first century. Considering the energy
source, feedstock production system sustainability is a matter of grave importance as
biofuels feedstock come from agriculture. The importance of biofuels in transporta-
tion is not the question today; rather, their implications on the economy, environ-
ment, and health of society are of major concern. To replace the bulk of transport
fossil fuels, instead of first-generation, second- and third-generation biofuels should
be utilized so as to not compromise food crops. Furthermore, various policy deci-
sions would impact and determine the broader social and economic impacts of bio-
fuels. Domestically produced biofuels have been favored by various national policies,
which, at times at the expense of import, nurture biofuels. Of late, various govern-
ment agencies have been promoting and investing in research on biofuels utilization
to reduce oil dependence and greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, it will be a
“challenge” for the coming generation of scientists to develop more sustainable ways
to fight energy crises.
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viii Preface
The aim of this book is to provide in-depth information on the most recent devel-
opments in the area of biofuels. It leans toward the latest research-based informa-
tion sandwiched by fundamentals, principles, and practices. The book is divided into
four sections consisting of 21 chapters. Section I presents an overview of biofuels,
comprising chapters on historical perspectives; public opinion on and global demand
for biofuels; economic aspects, market, and policies of biofuels; and sustainability
criteria for liquid biofuels. Section II focuses on the unification of biofuel production
methods, including “second-generation biofuels” from various feedstock. Within the
last decade, there has been a spectacular reawakening of interest in algal fuel. Section
III is devoted to biofuels from algae, focusing on issues pertaining to their produc-
tion, design of photobioreactors, and sustainability. Section IV critically explores the
future perspectives of biofuels, including enzymes involved and their immobilization
in biofuels production, proteomics of biofuel crops and cyanobacteria, and biofuel
cells. All forgoing scientific, ecological, economic, and technological aspects of bio-
fuels have been dealt with comprehensively by well-known experts in their respective
fields. The text in each chapter is supported by numerous clear, informative tables and
figures. Each chapter contains relevant references of published articles, which offer a
potentially large amount of primary information and further links to a nexus of data
and ideas.
This book is intended for postgraduate students and researchers from industry and
academia who are working in the area of biofuels. Its purpose is to usher readers with
enhanced knowledge and serve as an up-to-date reference source. The authors have
provided a novel framework to illuminate interactions between food, feed, and fuel
synergies in relation to sustainable development.
The editors sincerely thank all the contributors for their outstanding efforts to pro-
vide state-of-the-art information on the subject matter of their respective chapters.
Their efforts have certainly enhanced our knowledge of biofuels. We also acknowl-
edge the help from the reviewers, who, in spite of their busy schedules, helped us
by evaluating the manuscripts and gave their critical inputs to refine and improve
the chapters. We thank the publishers/authors of various articles whose works have
been cited/included in the book. We warmly thank Dr. Michael Slaughter, Jennifer
Ahringer, and the team at CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group for their cooperation
and effort in producing this book. We place on record our deep sense of appreciation
for consistent support from Rupinder Pal Singh, Hemantpreet Kaur, Amandeep Kaur
Walia, Shivani Rani, and Navpreet Kaur from Punjabi University, Patiala, for their
help in preparing this book.
We hope that the book will help readers to find the needed information on the lat-
est research and advances, especially innovations, in biofuels.
Ram Sarup Singh
Ashok Pandey
Edgard Gnansounou
editors
Professor Ram Sarup Singh, MSc, MEd, MPhil, PhD, FBRS, is professor and
former head, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab,
India. He earned his master’s degree in botany and PhD in biotechnology from
Punjabi University, Patiala. He joined as assistant professor in the Department of
Biotechnology at the same university in 1994 and since then has been working there
in different faculty positions. He is a recipient of many national and international
awards and fellowships: MASHAV-UNESCO fellowship (2006), Rehovat Campus,
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; INSA Visiting Scientist (2008), National
Institute of Pharmaceutical & Educational Research, Mohali, India; Fellow (2012),
Biotech Research Society, India; Popularization of Science Award (2013), Baba Farid
University of Health Sciences, Faridkot and Punjab State Council for Science &
Technology, Chandigarh, India; and visiting professor (2014), Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. Dr. Singh has more than 22 years of
teaching and research experience in industrial biotechnology. His current focus areas
of research are biofuels, microbial polysaccharides, industrial enzymes, microbial
lectins, fructooligosaccharides, high fructose/maltose syrups, etc. He has to his credit
more than 200 publications/communications, which include 2 patents, 3 books,
20 book chapters, 35 popular articles, 120 original research and review papers with
h-index of 24. He is on the Advisory Board of the National Institute of Ayurvedic
Pharmaceutical Research, Patiala, India. Dr. Singh was guest editor of special issues
(2013) of three national/international journals: Biologia, Journal of Scientific &
Industrial Research, and Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. He is on the edito-
rial board of International Journal of Food & Fermentation Technology and Journal
of Environmental Sciences & Sustainability. He is honorary consultant to various
regional food industries and has successfully completed a few consultancy projects.
Professor Ashok Pandey, MSc, DPhil, FBRS, FNASc, FIOBB, FISEES, FAMI, is
eminent scientist at the Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali
(a national institute under the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science
and Technology, Government of India) and former chief scientist and head of the
Biotechnology Division at CSIR—National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. He is adjunct professor at MACFAST,
Thiruvalla, Kerala, and Kalaslingam University, Krishnan Koil, Tamil Nadu. His
major research interests are in the areas of microbial, enzyme, and bioprocess
technology, which span over various programs, including biomass to fuels and
ix