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BIOFUELS AND BIOENERGY BIOFUELS AND BIOENERGY A Techno-Economic Approach Edited by BASKAR GURUNATHAN Departmentof Biotechnology, St.Joseph’s Collegeof Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India RENGANATHAN SAHADEVAN Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangements withorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency, canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). MATLABs isatrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.andisusedwithpermission.TheMathWorks doesnotwarranttheaccuracyofthetextorexercisesinthisbook.Thisbook’suseordiscussion ofMATLABs softwareorrelatedproductsdoesnotconstituteendorsementorsponsorshipby TheMathWorksofaparticularpedagogicalapproachorparticularuseoftheMATLABs software. Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,or medicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.In usingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyof others,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products, instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-90040-9 ForInformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:CharlotteCockle AcquisitionsEditor:PeterAdamson EditorialProjectManager:MichelleFisher ProductionProjectManager:AnithaSivaraj CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents Listofcontributors xxv Preface xxxiii Section I Biorefinery approaches in biofuels and bioenergy production 1. Boundariesandopenings of biorefineries towards sustainable biofuel production 3 M.Rajamehala,RenugaaSu,B.Gopalakrishnan,A.MuthuKumaraPandian, M.VijayPradhapSinghandS.Chozhavendhan 1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.1 Biorefinery 4 1.2 Sourcesofbiorefinery 4 1.2.1 PhaseIbiorefinery 6 1.2.2 PhaseIIbiorefinery 6 1.2.3 PhaseIIIbiorefinery 6 1.3 Classificationofbiofuelsbasedonbiomass 6 1.3.1 First-generationfuels 7 1.3.2 Second-generationfuels 7 1.3.3 Third-generationfuels 7 1.3.4 Fourth-generationfuels 7 1.4 Productionmethodsofbiofuel 8 1.5 Pretreatments 8 1.5.1 Mechanicalmethods 9 1.5.2 Thermochemicalmethods 9 1.5.3 Chemicalpretreatment 10 1.5.4 Biologicalpretreatment 10 1.6 Productionofdifferentbiofuels 11 1.6.1 Bioelectricitygeneration 11 1.7 Productionofethanolandelectricity 11 1.8 Productionofethanol,lacticacid,andelectricity 12 1.9 Furfural,ethanolandelectricityproduction 12 1.10 Coproductionofbutanolandelectricity 12 1.11 Productionofmethanolandelectricity 13 1.12 Purificationprocess 13 1.13 Biogas—biomethaneproduction 14 v vi Contents 1.14 Applications 15 1.15 Limitationsofbiorefineries 16 1.16 Futureperspectivesofbiorefineries 16 1.17 Conclusion 16 References 17 2. Aperspective on the biorefineryapproaches for bioenergy production in acircular bioeconomy process 23 AbiramKaranamRathankumar,KongkonaSaikia,SenthilKumarPonnusamy, JenetGeorge,PriyankaSaravanan,AnnaShaji,UpasanaMohantyand VinothKumarVaidyanathan 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Bioenergy 24 2.2.1 Biorefinery 25 2.2.2 Valorizationofbiomass 28 2.3 Bioeconomy,circulareconomy,andgreeneconomy 31 2.3.1 Circularbioeconomy 32 2.3.2 Biorefineryandcircularbioeconomics 33 2.4 Limitationsandfutureperspectiveofcircularbioeconomy 38 2.5 Conclusion 39 Acknowledgment 40 References 40 3. Acomprehensive integration of biorefinery conceptsfor the production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass 45 KongkonaSaikia,AbiramKaranamRathankumar,SenthilKumarPonnusamy, JenetGeorge,AnnaShaji,PriyankaSaravanan,UpasanaMohantyand VinothKumarVaidyanathan 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Biomassforbiorefinery 46 3.2.1 Algalbiorefinery 46 3.2.2 Lignocellulosicbiorefinery 48 3.3 Biofuelsfromlignocellulosicbiomass 51 3.4 Strategiesforthetreatmentoflignocellulosicbiomass 55 3.4.1 Pretreatment 55 3.4.2 Separatehydrolysisandfermentation 58 3.4.3 Simultaneoussaccharificationandfermentation 59 3.5 Metabolicengineeringapproachesforbiofuelproduction 60 3.6 Integratedbiorefinery 61 3.7 Constrainsandchallenges 63 3.8 Economicaspectsandfutureoflignocellulosicbiorefinery 63 3.9 Conclusion 64 Contents vii Acknowledgments 65 References 65 4. Evaluation of activatedsludge derived fromwastewater treatment process as a potential biorefinery platform 71 JyotikaThakurandShyamKumarMasakapalli 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Activatedsludgeasapotentialresourceforfermentativeproducts 72 4.2.1 Analyticaltechniquestocharacterizeorganicvaluablesinsludgefermentation 73 4.2.2 Organicmoleculescharacterizedinsludgefermentation 75 4.3 Activatedsludgeasrefineryforbiogases(methaneandhydrogen) 76 4.3.1 Physicochemicalparametersforactivatedsludgeasbiorefinery 76 4.3.2 Biogasyieldsobtainedusingsludgefermentation 77 4.3.3 Limitationsofsludgebioprocessingandrefinements 78 4.4 Activatedsludgeasasourceofotherorganicby-products (fertilizer,refuse-derivedfuel) 79 4.4.1 Reducedsludgeforagriculturaluse 79 4.4.2 Otherbiorefineryperspectivesforreducedsludge 80 4.5 Conclusion 80 Acknowledgments 80 References 81 5. Insights into the impact of biorefineries and sustainable green technologies on circular bioeconomy 85 R.Kheerthivasan,NadeemSiddiqui,E.NakkeeranandK.Divakar 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Bioeconomyandcirculareconomycollideinthecircularbioeconomy 86 5.3 Impactofbiorefineryprocessesoncircularbioeconomy 88 5.4 Productusagestrategiesforcircularbioeconomy 90 5.4.1 Biomimicryandwastebiorefinery 91 5.4.2 Metabolicapproach 91 5.4.3 Lignocellulosicbiorefinery 91 5.4.4 Municipalwastebiorefinery 92 5.5 Reusingbio-basedhigh-valueproducts 93 5.6 Effectofbiomassutilizationoncircularbioeconomy 94 5.6.1 Cascadingtheuseofbiomass 94 5.6.2 Waste-to-energytechnologies 96 5.7 Agriculturemanagementforsustainablecircularbioeconomy 97 5.8 Industrialandenvironmentalpolicyforpromotingcircularbioeconomy 97 5.9 Conclusion 99 References 99 viii Contents Section II Biofuels and bioenergy production - I 6. Fermentation technology for ethanol production: current trendsand challenges 105 ManiJayakumar,SelvakumarKuppusamyVaithilingam,NatchimuthuKarmegam, KaleabBizunehGebeyehu,MariaSusaiBoobalanandBaskarGurunathan 6.1 Introduction 105 6.2 Lignocellulosicbiomass 105 6.3 Theelectronicstructurechemistryofcellulose,hemicellulose,andlignin 108 6.4 Pretreatmentoflignocellulosicbiomass 110 6.5 Fermentationtechnology 111 6.5.1 Separatehydrolysisandfermentation 111 6.5.2 Simultaneoussaccharificationandfermentation 117 6.6 Ethanolproductionusingnativemicrobes 117 6.6.1 C5sugarfermentativemicrobes 118 6.6.2 C6sugarfermentativemicrobes 119 6.7 Fermentationtechnologyforethanolproductionusingrecombinant engineeredmicrobes 119 6.7.1 Yeast(Saccharomycescerevisiae) 120 6.7.2 Zymomonasmobilis 120 6.7.3 Escherichiacoli 121 6.8 Trends,challenges,andfutureprospectsinthebioethanolproduction 121 6.8.1 Trends 121 6.8.2 Challengesandprospects 122 6.9 Conclusion 123 References 123 7. Improved enzymatichydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste biomass: most essential stage to develop cost-effectivesecond-generation biofuelproduction 133 PinakiDey,GeetikaGupta,JayatoNayakandKevinJosephDilip 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Enzymaticsaccharificationoflignocellulosicfeedstocks 135 7.2.1 Differentmodesofenzymaticsaccharificationandtheirtechnicalaspects 139 7.3 Factorsinfluencesinefficientenzymaticsaccharificationoflignocellulosicbiomass 141 7.3.1 Idealpretreatmentofbiomass 141 7.3.2 Utilizationofpotentenzymes,producedfromwastebiomassesand high-yieldmicrobes 144 7.3.3 Reactionconditionsinfluencingenzymatichydrolysisprocess 148 7.4 Reusabilityofcellulaseenzymetodevelopcost-effectiveenzymaticsaccharification process 152 Contents ix 7.5 Economicaspectsandfutureprospectiveofenzymaticsaccharification-based lignocellulosicbiofuelproduction 156 7.6 Conclusion 157 References 158 8. Advances and sustainable conversion of waste lignocellulosicbiomass into biofuels 167 J.Iyyappan,BaskarGurunathan,M.Gopinath,A.Vaishnavi,S.Prathiba, V.Kanishka,K.GomathiandV.Dhithya 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Biofuel:asustainablefuelforfuture 168 8.3 Lignocellulose:apotentialsubstrateforthebiofuelproduct 169 8.4 Pretreatmentmethodsforlignocellulosebiomass 171 8.4.1 Physicalmethods 172 8.4.2 Mechanicalpretreatmentmethods 173 8.4.3 Irradiationpretreatmentmethod 173 8.4.4 Pyrolysis 174 8.4.5 Chemicalmethods 175 8.4.6 Biologicalpretreatmentmethods 177 8.4.7 Microbialpretreatmentmethod 178 8.5 Sourcesoflignocellulosebiomass 178 8.5.1 Agriculturalbiomass 178 8.5.2 Forestrybiomass 181 8.5.3 Industrialandmunicipalbiomass 184 8.5.4 Wastelandbiomass 187 8.6 Analysis 190 8.6.1 Fouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy/X-ray 190 8.7 Potentialmicrobialstrainsinvolvedinbiofuelproductions 190 8.8 Fermentationmethodsforbiofuelproduction 194 8.8.1 Separatedhydrolysisandfermentation 194 8.8.2 Simultaneoussaccharificationandfermentation 195 8.9 Reactorconfiguration 195 8.10 Futureperspectives 196 8.11 Challenges 198 8.12 Conclusion 199 References 200 9. Lignocellulosicbiomass as an alternate sourcefor next-generation biofuel 207 M.Rajamehala,A.Kaviprabha,A.MuthuKumaraPandian,M.VijayPradhapSingh, S.Karthikadevi,B.GopalakrishnanandS.Chozhavendhan 9.1 Introduction 207 x Contents 9.2 Rawmaterials 209 9.2.1 Wheat 209 9.2.2 Corn 209 9.2.3 Sugarcane 210 9.2.4 Wood/strawdust 211 9.3 Lignocellulosicmaterial 211 9.3.1 Compositionoflignocellulosicfeedstocks 211 9.4 Processforconvertingthelignocellulosetobiofuels 212 9.4.1 Biologicalprocess 213 9.4.2 Thermochemicalprocess 217 9.5 Conclusion 218 References 218 10. Processintensification in biobutanolproduction 223 KailasL.Wasewar 10.1 Introduction 223 10.2 Biobutanol 225 10.2.1 Needofbiobutanol 225 10.2.2 Characteristicsofbiobutanol 226 10.2.3 Applicationsofbutanol 227 10.3 Productionofbiobutanol 228 10.3.1 Prefaceforbiobutanolproduction 228 10.3.2 Historyofbiobutanolproduction 229 10.3.3 Categoriesofbiobutanol 231 10.3.4 Microorganismforbiobutanolproduction 231 10.3.5 Challengesinbiobutanolproduction 232 10.4 Processintensification 232 10.5 Processintensificationinproductionofbiobutanol 233 10.5.1 Bioreactors 234 10.5.2 Continuousbiofilmfixedbedreactor 235 10.5.3 Membranemethods 236 10.5.4 Distillationmethods 242 10.5.5 Fermentationwithgasstripping 242 10.5.6 Liquid(cid:1)liquidextractionmethods 245 10.5.7 Adsorptionmethods 246 10.5.8 Hybridmethods 248 10.5.9 Othermethods 250 10.6 Conclusion 253 References 253