Biofluid methods in Vascular and Pulmonary Systems - C. Leondes (CRC, 2001) WW

389 Pages·2001·10.34 MB·English

V O L U M E I V

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

CRC Press

Biofluid Methods

in

Vascular and
Pulmonary

Systems

Cornelius Leondes

EDITED BY

Biomechanical Systems
Techniques and Applications

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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Preface

Because of rapid developments in computer technology and computational techniques, advances in a
wide spectrum of technologies, and other advances coupled with cross-disciplinary pursuits between
technology and its applications to human body processes, the field of biomechanics continues to evolve.
Many areas of significant progress can be noted. These include dynamics of musculoskeletal systems,
mechanics of hard and soft tissues, mechanics of bone remodeling, mechanics of implant-tissue interfaces,
cardiovascular and respiratory biomechanics, mechanics of blood and air flow, flow-prosthesis interfaces,
mechanics of impact, dynamics of man–machine interaction, and more.
Needless to say, the great breadth and significance of the field on the international scene require several
volumes for an adequate treatment. This is the fourth in a set of four volumes, and it treats the area of
biofluid methods in vascular and pulmonary systems.
The four volumes constitute an integrated set that can nevertheless be utilized as individual volumes.
The titles for each volume are

Computer Techniques and Computational Methods in Biomechanics
Cardiovascular Techniques
Musculoskeletal Models and Techniques
Biofluid Methods in Vascular and Pulmonary Systems

The contributions to this volume clearly reveal the effectiveness and significance of the techniques
available and, with further development, the essential role that they will play in the future. I hope that
students, research workers, practitioners, computer scientists, and others on the international scene will
find this set of volumes to be a unique and significant reference source for years to come.

© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

The Editor

Cornelius T. Leondes,

B.S., M.S., Ph.D., Emeritus Professor, School of Engineering and Applied Science,
University of California, Los Angeles has served as a member or consultant on numerous national
technical and scientific advisory boards. Dr. Leondes served as a consultant for numerous Fortune 500
companies and international corporations. He has published over 200 technical journal articles and has
edited and/or co-authored more than 120 books. Dr. Leondes is a Guggenheim Fellow, Fulbright Research
Scholar, and IEEE Fellow as well as a recipient of the IEEE Baker Prize award and the Barry Carlton
Award of the IEEE.

© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Contributors

Sunil Acharya

University of Akron
Akron. Ohio

Gary T. Anderson

University of Arkansas
Little Rock, Arkansas

Joseph P. Archie, Jr.

University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Lloyd H. Back

Jet Propulsion Lab
Irvine, California

R.K. Banerjee

Kettering University
Flint, Michigan

Heinrich Brinck

FH Gelsenkirchen
Recklinghausen, Germany

Y.I. Cho

Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Antonio Delfino

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Grolley, Switzerland

Pierre-André Doriot

University Hospital
Geneva, Switzerland

Pierre-André Dorsaz

University Hospital
Geneva, Switzerland

Phillip Drinker

Hood Laboratories, Inc.
Pembroke, Massachusetts

Ding-Yu Fei

Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, Virginia

Don Fei

Forest Hills, New York

J.J. Fredberg

Harvard School of Public Health
Boston, Massachuestts

G.M. Glass

Hood Laboratories, Inc.
Pembroke, Massachusetts

Daniel Isabey

INSERM
Créteil, France

M.V. Kaufmann

Silicon Spice, Inc.
Mountain View, California

Clement Kleinstreuer

North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina

Andre Langlet

L’Universite d’Orleans-Bourges
Bourges, France

Ming Lei

CFD Research Corporation
Huntsville, Alabama

B. Louis

INSERM
Créteil, France

James Moore

Florida International University
Miami, Florida

S. Naili

University of Paris
Créteil, France

Masahide Nakamura

Akita University
Akita, Japan

Christian Ribreau

LGMPB-IUT
Cachan, France

Stanley E. Rittgers

University of Akron
Akron, Ohio

W. Rutishauser

University Hospital
Geneva, Switzerland

B.R. Simon

The University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona

Marc Thiriet

INRIA
Le Chesnay, France

Jürgen Werner

Ruhr University
Bochum, Germany

Lisa X. Xu

Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

Ryuhei Yamaguchi

Shibaura Institute of Technlogy
Tokyo, Japan

Paul P.T. Yang

Southeast Permanente
Medical Group
Jonesboro, Georgia

Wen-Jei Yang

University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

Contents

1

Hemodynamics Simulations and Optimal Computer-Aided Designs of
Branching Blood

Clement Kleinstreuer, Ming Lei, and Joseph P. Archie, Jr.

2

Techniques in Fluid Dynamical Wall Shear Phenomena and Their
Application in the Blood Flow

Masahide Nakamura

3

A Measurement Method for Wall Shear S tress and Fluid Mechanical
Application for Vascular Disease

Ryuhei Yamaguchi

4

Techniques for Measuring Blood Fl ow in the Microvascular Circulation

Lisa X. Xu and Gary T. Anderson

5

Finite Element Models for Arterial Wall Mechanics and Transport

B.R. Simon and M.V. Kaufmann

6

A Three-Dimensional Vascular Model and Its Application to the
Determination of the Spatial Variations in the Arterial, Venous, and
Tissue Temperature Distribution

Jürgen Werner and Heinrich Brinck

7

Arterial Fluid Dynamics: The Relationship to Atherosclerosis and
Application in Diagnostics

James E. Moore, Jr., Antonio Delfino, Pierre-André Doriat, Pierre-André Dorsaz, and
W. Rutishauser

8

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling Techniques Using Finite
Element Methods to Predict Arterial Blood Fl ow

R. K. Banerjee, L.H. Back, and Y.I. Cho

9

Numerical Simulation Techniques and Their Application to the Human
Vascular System

Ding-Yu Fei, Stanley E. Rittgers, Don Fei, and Sunil Acharya

© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

10
Flow in Thin-Walled Collapsible Tubes
M. Thiriet, S. Naili, A. Langlet, and C. Ribreau

11
Techniques in the Modeling and Simulation of Blood Fl ows at the Aortic
Bifurcation with Flexible Walls
Wen-Jei Yang and Paul P.T. Yang

12
Airway Dimensions in the Human Determined by Non-Invasive
Acoustic Imaging
B. Louis, P. Drinker, G.M. Glass, D. Isabey, and J.J. Fredberg

© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

1

Hemodynamics
Simulations and
Optimal Computer-
Aided Designs of

Branching Blood Vessels

1.1
Introduction

1.2
Background Information

The Biomedical Problem • Current Problem Solutions

1.3
Theory

Indicator Equations • Severity Parameters • Flow Waveform
Parameter • Basic Transport Equations and Auxiliary Condition

1.4
Numerical Method and Model Validation

Numerical Method • Grid Generation • Discretized Equations •
Model Validation

1.5
Results and Discussion

Carotid Artery Bifurcation • Bypass Graft-to-Artery
Anastomosis

1.1
Introduction

Approximately one-quarter million United States citizens each year undergo either carotid endarterec-
tomy for stroke prevention or lower extremity bypass to regain the ability to walk. These arterial recon-
structions, as well as others, involve complex flows in branching blood vessels. Both early and late
operative failures are due in part to the non-uniform hemodynamics, or disturbed flow related to the
reconstruction geometry and its particular flow input waveform. Optimization of the arterial reconstruc-
tion of carotid endarterectomies and anastomotic bypass grafts to minimize blood flow disturbances may
be crucial in significantly reducing the probability and degree of early postoperative thrombosis and
restenosis due to myointimal proliferation and recurrent atherosclerosis. These adverse events can lead
to stroke or limb loss and associated disability or mortality. Patient-derived risk factors that influence
clinical outcomes of vascular surgical procedures can be favorably modified or controlled, but this lies
outside the scope of this review. We have analyzed the effects of geometry and input waveform on
disturbed flow in these two arterial systems and have completed work on the theoretical optimization of
the branching blood vessel geometries. The methodology has been established, and an extended analysis
of computationally derived junction geometries employing available graft material for clinical testing is
being initiated.

Clement Kleinstreuer

North Carolina State University

Ming Lei

CFD Research Corporation

Joseph P. Archie, Jr.

North Carolina State University

© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

The primary hemodynamic parameters employed to quantitatively assess disturbed flow patterns
include the wall shear stress in general and the temporal and spatial gradients of wall shear stress in
particular. Radial blood pressure variations, peak arterial wall stress and strain values, as well as blood
particle trajectories and surface depositions can be used as additional indicators of non-uniform hemo-
dynamics and, therefore, susceptible sites to arterial diseases. Optimal reconstructive and anastomotic
geometries are computationally designed by iteratively minimizing disturbed flow in three-dimensional
branching blood vessels utilizing realistic human hemodynamic input, boundary, and auxiliary condi-
tions. The severity of the potentially harmful hemodynamic factors, in conjunction with the extent of
the affected wall surface areas, is expressed in terms of dimensionless groups in order to map and rank
various blood vessel configurations and reconstructions as a function of their propensity towards
restenosis.

1.2
Background Information

This section summarizes the negative impact of arterial diseases, i.e., thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and
hyperplasia, on branching blood vessels, mainly the carotid artery bifurcation as well as the distal end
of femoral to popliteal or tibial bypass grafts, and briefly reviews current problem solutions. A detailed
review of links between abnormal particle-hemodynamics and the onset of arterial disease processes may
be found elsewhere.

1

The Biomedical Problem

Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium-size arteries and is the chief cause of death and disability
in the United States and most of the western world. Bypass grafting and endarterectomy have been used
for four decades to prevent or delay these events. Carotid endarterectomy for stroke prevention has a
relatively low but significant 1% to 4% incidence of early post-operative thrombosis, a 2% to 6% early
stroke rate, and a 3% to 10% incidence of significant, i.e., greater than 50%, restenosis due to myointimal
hyperplasia in the first few years and later due to recurrent atherosclerosis.

2–8

Similarly, lower extremity
synthetic bypass grafts may fail due to restenosis and/or thrombosis. The one-year failure rate is approx-
imately 15%, while 60% to 70% fail within five years.

9,10

Newer investigative procedures such as balloon angioplasty with or without stenting, laser ablation,
or catheter atherectomy are not addressed here, but some of the results presented here may be relevant
to those potentially important but unproven reconstruction techniques.
It is generally accepted that critical hemodynamic parameters, particularly related to the wall shear
stresses, are directly linked to the localized onset and occurrence of thrombosis, myointimal proliferation,
and atherosclerosis. Because each arterial disease process is different, selective hemodynamic factors have
to be employed as indicators of locations and extents of susceptible sites in branching arteries. While
abnormal hemodynamic factors influence the localization of arterial diseases, their causes are linked to
other adverse events including patient-derived risk factors such as smoking, diet, diabetes, hypertension,
exercise level, and genetic make-up. The problems being considered are influenced by numerous factors
including the arterial reconstruction geometry as well as the type of graft material, placement of the
anastomotic junctions, and graft diameter.

11–20

The underlying hypothesis for the initiation of
atherosclerosis

21

is that of a response to endothelial injury or dysfunction, leading to high cell turnover
and leaky junctions,

22

individual bond rupture of the endothelial cells,

23–25

high blood pressure induced
arterial wall stress and strain,

26

and/or prolonged zero-tension state of the endothelial-cells.

27,28,68,86

As a
result, at lesion prone sites in branching arteries, endothelial permeability to macromolecules (e.g., low
density lipoprotein (LDL)) and to certain cells (e.g., monocytes) is enhanced. In addition to triggering
the locally increased lipid flux into the arterial wall as well as foam cell formation, mechanical events
may produce changes in gene expression that lead to excessive release of growth factors and subsequent
smooth muscle cell proliferation, platelet aggregation, and thrombi formation (Figs. 1.1a and 1.2). Similar
events triggered by non-uniform hemodynamic forces can lead to myointimal hyperplasia. In fact,