Biofilm and Materials Science

191 Pages·2015·7.979 MB·English

by  Hideyuki Kanematsu, Dana M. Barry (eds.)

Biofilm and Materials Science
Hideyuki Kanematsu • Dana M. Barry
Editors
Biofilm and Materials
Science
1 3
Editors
Hideyuki Kanematsu Dana M. Barry
Deputy President Research Professor, Department of
Professor, Department of Materials Science Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
& Engineering, National Institute of Senior Technical Writer & Editor, Center
Technology, Suzuka College for Advanced Materials Processing (CAMP)
Suzuka, Mie Clarkson University
Japan Potsdam, New York
USA
ISBN 978-3-319-14564-8 978-3-319-14565-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14565-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015930840
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer International Publishing is a brand of Springer
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Since the early stage of the creation of life, bacteria have always been main actors
on this globe, even though other organisms have evolved by adjusting to various
environments throughout history. Sometimes bacteria have caused epidemics and
the loss of life to many people. However on a daily basis, many of them have played
important roles in producing foods and decomposing many materials (including
those that are toxic) back to nature, etc. From that viewpoint, bacteria have been
close companions to human beings, either good or bad. Actually, we did not know
about their essence so much until recent times.
It was in the late 1970s that the notion of biofilm was first proposed. We found
out gradually that bacteria in biofilm are the usual form, and that the planktonic
bacteria just floating in air and aqueous systems, or growing in a certain culture are
the rare ones. Also we have recently learned how different both types of bacteria
are from each other.
Early on, research about bacteria was carried out in the medical field. Then the
work expanded to the area of environmental science. Through research and devel-
opment, a different notion called “quorum sensing,” the phenomenon of commu-
nication among bacteria was introduced into the mechanism of biofilm formation.
Originally bacteriologists investigated quorum sensing quite separately, not relating
it to biofilm. In the 1980s, another new revolutionary notion and technology came
about. The former was molecular systems based on small subunit ribosomal RNA
(SSU rRNA) genes. The latter was the quantitative community analysis for environ-
mental microbes established by Dr. Norman Pace and his group. Not only biofilm,
but also nature itself is composed of viable, but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria,
so it is very hard to solve the biofilm problems with a pure culture technique since
Koch. The notion and technology in biofilm research were also introduced. The
knowledge and information about biofilm have skyrocketed since then.
However, when we try to solve the daily industrial problems, the materials sci-
ence and engineering fields seem to have the most important knowledge and in-
formation to tackle them, especially since biofilm generally forms at the interface
between the microbe (environment) and materials. As described in many chapters
of this book again and again, the biofilm formation starts by the attachment of bac-
teria to a surface. To solve the industrial problems, one should approach them from
v
vi Preface
both the environmental side and the materials side. However, there have been few
investigations from the viewpoint of materials science and engineering. Our origi-
nal aim was to complete the missing link between bacteriology and materials sci-
ence. Since this is not the usual approach, our book was designed to be relatively
fundamental so it is appropriate for beginners such as undergraduate students and
nonbiological practical engineers. However, we believe this book also measures up
to the expectations of graduate students, professional researchers, and high-level
practical engineers. The authors worked hard as a team to prepare a book that meets
the needs of a diverse audience.
Part I contains the fundamental parts. The life cycle of biofilm is composed of
multisteps. Therefore, the process is divided into some steps and each is described
in detail, respectively. In this part, readers will learn the basic knowledge about
biofilm and prepare to move to the next part. Part II introduces many practical prob-
lems encountered in various industries on a daily basis. In this section the reader
will get a chance to find the unexpected relationship between biofilm and industrial
problems. Hopefully this part will be filled with many surprises. And Part III is
composed of knowledge and information about solving problems of biofilm. In
some chapters, you will learn how to remove and control biofilm. In other chapters,
you will learn how to measure and evaluate biofilm properly and precisely. Even
though some of these techniques are still under investigation, you will find out
many evaluation methods available for materials scientists and engineers.
For many chapters of this book, the editors, Kanematsu and Barry, took the re-
sponsibility of writing them. However, many brilliant professionals were invited to
join us and write their own chapters. You will get a chance to confirm their names
and their parts in the Table of Contents. The editors removed the unnecessary and
redundant expressions and descriptions in order to prepare a complete and integrat-
ed scholarly book. Each chapter is informative and written as a stand-alone, so the
reader can begin anywhere in the book depending upon his/her interests and needs.
As we already stated, biofilm is still not fully understood and its meaning and
importance for materials science and engineering are still underestimated. There-
fore, we consider the readers of this book to be like sailors traveling to an unknown
sea with Biofilm and Materials Science as a guide. We the editors and authors hope
from the bottom of our hearts that this book will be a good guidebook and compass
for your work and research (which may at times resemble traveling in an unknown
sea). Bon voyage, all!
November 21, 2014 Hideyuki Kanematsu and Dana M. Barry,
(book editors)
On behalf of the authors
Acknowledgments
We the editors would like to thank all of the book chapter authors, the National
Institute of Technology, Suzuka College and its President Yasutsugu Nitta, Clark-
son University, CAMP (the Center for Advanced Materials Processing), Clarkson
University’s Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and Ansted
University, for their greatly appreciated support. We also thank the Iron and Steel
Institute of Japan (ISIJ) and its Division of Process Evaluation and Material Char-
acterization. Many ideas and suggestions were obtained in the forum and lots of
information came from our activities there. We would like to thank the Iketani Sci-
ence and Technology Foundation for their financial support too. Their funding to
us made it possible for us to discuss closely and vividly on a face-to-face basis with
each other.
Some information contained in this book was obtained from work carried out
for national funding projects in Japan. We appreciate the Japan Society for the Pro-
motion of Science (JSPS) for Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI,
particularly No.21360372 and No. 24656460). Also we appreciate the New Energy
and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) for their two big
national projects. The first one is entitled the Development of Anti-fouling Mir-
ror by Bio-related Technology for Heliostat and the second is entitled Research &
Development for Physical Treatment of Scales in Geo-thermal Power Generation
Utilizing Hot Springs Heat.
We express our sincere appreciation to Ms. Ania Levinson and Springer Verlag.
Their kind offer (invitation) made it possible for us to launch on this international
book project together. Their patience and trust encouraged us throughout the dura-
tion of this exciting project.
In addition, we would like to thank our families, Dr. Kanematsu’s parents (Shoji
and Michiko Kanematsu), his wife (Reiko), and children (Hitomi and Hiroyuki);
Dr. Barry’s parents (Daniel and Celia Malloy), her husband (James), and children
(James, Brian, Daniel, and Eric), for their continued interest and support.
Hideyuki Kanematsu (PhD), Book Editor
Dana M. Barry (PhD), Book Editor
vii
Contents
Part I Biofilm, Microbiology, and Genomics
1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 3
Hideyuki Kanematsu and Dana M. Barry
2 Conditioning Films .................................................................................... 9
Hideyuki Kanematsu and Dana M. Barry
3 Movement of Bacteria Towards Material Surfaces ������������������������������� 17
Hideyuki Kanematsu and Dana M. Barry
4 Adhesion of Bacteria ................................................................................. 23
Katsutoshi Hori
5 Microstructures of Biofilm ....................................................................... 35
James Chapman
6 Detachment of Bacteria ............................................................................ 45
James Chapman
7 Genomics Approach .................................................................................. 53
Hajime Ikegai
8 General Biological Biofilm Observation and Evaluation ...................... 61
Hideyuki Kanematsu and Dana M. Barry
Part II Biofilm and Industrial Problems
9 Corrosion and Biofilm .............................................................................. 69
Reza Javaherdashti
ix
x Contents
10 Cooling Water ............................................................................................ 79
Dana M. Barry and Hideyuki Kanematsu
11 Ships and Marine Structures .................................................................... 85
Daisuke Kuroda
12 B iofilm Formation on Medical Devices and Infection:
Preventive Approaches .............................................................................. 93
Sitaraman Krishnan
13 Hygiene Problems and Food Industry ..................................................... 109
Satoshi Fukuzaki
14 E nvironmental Problems: Soil and Underground Water
Treatment and Bioremediation ................................................................ 117
Hideyuki Kanematsu and Dana M. Barry
15 Energy Problems—Fuel Cell .................................................................... 125
Nobumitsu Hirai
16 Bioreactors in Industries and Biofilm ..................................................... 135
Dana M. Barry and Hideyuki Kanematsu
17 Fish Reef, Seaweed Bed, and Other Construction Applications ........... 141
Hideyuki Kanematsu and Dana M. Barry
18 Contamination and Clean Surface of Materials .................................... 147
Hideyuki Kanematsu and Dana M. Barry
Part III Solving Industrial Biofilm Problems
19 Chemical Cleaning .................................................................................... 155
Satoshi Fukuzaki
20 Physical Removal of Biofilm .................................................................... 163
Dana M. Barry and Hideyuki Kanematsu
21 Antibacterial Effect of Materials and Biofilm ........................................ 169
Hideyuki Kanematsu and Dana M. Barry
22 Immersion Tests ......................................................................................... 175
Daisuke Kuroda
Contents xi
23 Artificial Biofilm Formation on the Laboratory Scale .......................... 181
Dana M. Barry, Hideyuki Kanematsu and Paul B. McGrath
24 New Evaluation Techniques for Biofilm in Materials Science .............. 187
Hideyuki Kanematsu and Dana M. Barry
25 Future Scope .............................................................................................. 193
Hideyuki Kanematsu and Dana M. Barry