Bioenergy Engineering

306 Pages·2021·8.062 MB·English

by  Mahendra S. Seveda (editor), Pradip D. Narale (editor), Suhir N. Kharpude (editor)

BIOENERGY ENGINEERING
The book provides information on recent advancements in bioenergy engineering to
graduates, post-graduates, research scholars, faculty members, academician,
researchers and practitioners studying and working in field of the bioenergy engineering.
It is an invaluable information resource on biomass-based biofuels for fundamental and
applied research, catering to researchers in the areas of biogas technology, densification
techniques, biomass gasification, torrefaction of biomass, biochar production, micro
algae production, improved biomass cookstoves, bio-ethanol production and the use of
microbial processes in the conversion of biomass into biofuels. It will also be useful to
faculties and researchers to understand the present status, advancements and policies
in implementation of bioenergy technologies in India. This book will definitely provide a
direction to the young researchers in identification of thrust areas of research in the field
of bioenergy. The book concludes with research and development endeavours and aspects
relating to implementation of advance bioenergy technologies.
Prof. Mahendra S. Seveda is Professor and Head, Department of Renewable Energy
Engineering, Central Agricultural University, Ranipool, Gangtok, Sikkim, India since 2016.
He is a Member of Executive Council, Sikkim University (Central University), Gangtok,
Sikkim. He has worked as Associate Professor at Central Agricultural University, Ranipool,
Gangtok, Sikkim, India from 2010 to 2015.
Dr. Pradip D. Narale, (born on March 04, 1989), is an Assistant Professor in Department
of Renewable Energy Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Post Harvest
Technology, Central Agricultural University, Ranipool, Gangtok, Sikkim, India. After obtaining
his B.Tech. degree in Agricultural Engineering from Vasantrao Naik Marathwada
Agricultural University, Parbhani (Maharashtra), India in 2010; he obtained his M.E. and
Ph.D. degree in Renewable Energy Engineering from Maharana Pratap University of
Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India in the year 2012 and 2017
respectively.
Dr. Sudhir N. Kharpude, (born on July, 1988), is an Assistant Professor in Department of
Renewable Energy Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Post Harvest
Technology, Central Agricultural University, Ranipool, Gangtok, Sikkim, India. After obtaining
his B.Tech. in Agricultural Engineering from Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri,
Maharashtra, India in 2010.

BIOENERGY ENGINEERING
Editors
Prof. Mahendra S. Seveda
Professor and Head
Department of Renewable Energy Engineering
College of Agricultural Engineering and Post Harvest Technology
Central Agricultural University, Ranipool, Gangtok-737135, Sikkim, India
Dr. Pradip D. Narale
Assistant Professor
Department of Renewable Energy Engineering
College of Agricultural Engineering and Post Harvest Technology
Central Agricultural University, Ranipool, Gangtok-737135, Sikkim, India
Dr. Sudhir N. Kharpude
Assistant Professor
Department of Renewable Energy Engineering
College of Agricultural Engineering and Post Harvest Technology
Central Agricultural University, Ranipool, Gangtok-737135, Sikkim, India
NARENDRA PUBLISHING HOUSE
DELHI (INDIA)
First published 2022
by CRC Press
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested
ISBN: 978-1-032-13799-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-23087-8 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003230878
Contents
Preface ........................................................................................ xvii
List of Contributors .................................................................................... xix
1. Recent Trends and Future Prospects of Bioenergy Production
in India ............................................................................................ 1
Anubhab Pal and Thaneswer Patel
1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 2
2. Biodiesel ................................................................................................. 3
2.1 Present Status and Future Scope ..................................................... 3
2.2 Potential Production and Consumption ............................................ 5
3. Biogas ................................................................................................. 6
3.1 Present Status and Future Scope ..................................................... 6
3.2 Potential Production and Consumption ............................................ 8
4. Bio-oil and Gasifier ................................................................................. 10
4.1 Present Status and Future Scope ................................................... 10
4.2 Potential Production and Consumption ...........................................11
5. Sustainable Development.........................................................................11
6. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 14
References ............................................................................................. 14
2. Biogas Production, Utilization and Entrepreneurship Opportunities ..17
Pradip D. Narale, Sudhir N. Kharpude and Mahendra S. Seveda........ 17
1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 17
2. Factors Affecting Biogas Production ...................................................... 19
2.1 Waste Composition ........................................................................ 19
2.2 Volatile Solid ................................................................................... 19
2.3 Alkalinity and pH ........................................................................... 19
2.4 Volatile Fatty Acids Concentration................................................. 20
vi
2.5 Temperature ................................................................................... 20
2.6 Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C/N ratio) ............................................ 20
2.7 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) ................................................... 21
2.8 Organic Loading Rate (OLR) ........................................................ 21
3. Status of Family Size Biogas Plants in India ........................................... 21
4. Classification of Biogas Plant ................................................................. 22
4.1 Family Size Biogas Plants .............................................................. 22
4.1.1 Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant (Deenbandhu Biogas Plant).. 22
4.1.2 Floating Dome Type Biogas Plant (KVIC Biogas Plant) ...... 23
4.1.3 Prefabricated Biogas Plants.................................................. 23
4.1.4 Bag Type Biogas Plants (Flexi model) .................................. 25
4.2 Industrial Biogas Plants .................................................................. 26
4.2.1 Continuous Stirring Tank Reactor (CSTR) ........................... 26
4.2.2 Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) .......... 26
5. Approved Models of Family Type Biogas Plants ................................... 27
6. Hurdles in Implementing Family Size Biogas Plants in India .................. 27
6.1. Availability of Feedstock ................................................................ 27
6.2 Economic Constraints .................................................................... 28
6.3 Promotion of Technology ............................................................... 28
6.4 Availability of Implementing Agency or Skilled Labor at
Root Level...................................................................................... 28
6.5 Social Dilemma .............................................................................. 28
7. Entrepreneurship Opportunities in Implementing Family Size Biogas
Plants in India ......................................................................................... 28
8. Application of Biogas .............................................................................. 29
8.1 Biogas used as a Cooking Fuel ..................................................... 29
8.2 Use of Biogas as a Lighting Fuel ................................................... 29
8.3 Biogas for Power Generation ........................................................ 30
8.4 Biogas used as Transportation Fuel ............................................... 30
8.5 Biogas used as a Heat Engine ...................................................... 31
8.6 Cogeneration .................................................................................. 31
vii
8.7 Utilization of Biogas for Water Pumping ....................................... 31
8.8 Biogas used in Fuel Cell Technology ............................................. 31
8.9 Biogas used in Refrigeration .......................................................... 32
9. Environmental Impacts and Sustainability............................................... 32
9.1 Odour ............................................................................................. 32
9.2 Pathogens ....................................................................................... 32
9.3 Green House Gases ....................................................................... 32
9.4 Sustainability ................................................................................... 32
References ............................................................................................. 33
3. Advancements in Biogas Slurry Management Technologies .............35
Madhuri More and Deepak Sharma
1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 36
2. Biogas Slurry Production ........................................................................ 37
3. Applications of Biogas Slurry ................................................................. 39
3.1 Organic Manure ............................................................................. 39
3.2 Composting Material ...................................................................... 39
3.3 Vermicomposting ............................................................................ 39
3.4 Bio-Pesticide Applications.............................................................. 39
3.5 Others Applications ........................................................................ 39
4. Utilization of Biogas Slurry ..................................................................... 40
4.1 Biogas Slurry Processing ............................................................... 40
4.2 Advanced Technologies for Utilization of Biogas Slurry ............... 40
4.2.1 Screw Press Separation Technology .................................... 40
4.2.2 Decanter Centrifuge Technology .......................................... 42
4.2.3 Belt Filter ............................................................................... 43
4.3 Use of Precipitation Agent for Separation and Settlement ............ 44
4.3.1 Processing of the Separated Solid Fraction ........................... 44
4.3.2 Processing of the Separated Liquid Fraction ........................ 45
5. Economics of Biogas Slurry Processing ................................................. 45
6. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 45
References ............................................................................................. 46
viii
4. Technological Up-gradation in Biogas Production and Utilization
for Energy Generation...............................................................................49
Surendra R. Kalbande and Sejal R. Sedani
1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 50
2. Basic Process of Anaerobic Digestion ................................................... 50
2.1 Hydrolysis ...................................................................................... 50
2.2 Acidogenesis (Acidification Phase) ............................................... 51
2.3 Acetogenesis .................................................................................. 51
2.4 Methanogenesis ............................................................................. 52
3. Limitations of Single-Stage Digesters ..................................................... 52
4. Temperature Phased Anaerobic Digestion (AD) as an Alternative
Technology to Improve Biomethanation ................................................. 53
5. Community Sized Biogas Plant for Electiricity Generation ..................... 54
5.1 Main Components of Biogas Plant ................................................ 54
6. Biogas for Electricity Generation ............................................................ 56
7. Performance of Biogas-Based Gas Engine ............................................ 57
8. Economic Analysis of the Biogas Power Generation System ................ 58
9. Evaluation of Performance of Community Sized 50 m3 Biogas Plant ... 59
9.1 Characterization of Cattle Dung and Digested Slurry.................... 59
10. Analysis of Nutrients in Cow Dung and Digested Slurry ....................... 60
11. Biogas Production ................................................................................... 60
12. Effect of Ambient Temperature on Biogas Production .......................... 61
13. Composition of Biogas ............................................................................ 61
14. Performance of Gas Engine Runs on 100% Biogas ............................... 62
15. Biogas-Enhancement Strategy ............................................................... 62
16. Recent Advances in Biogas Purification Technologies ........................... 64
17. Biogas Reforming Technologies ............................................................. 67
18. Conclusions ............................................................................................. 68
19. Acknowledgment .................................................................................... 68
References ............................................................................................. 68
ix
5. Present Status and Advancements in Biomass Gasification................77
Hitesh Sanchavat, Vinit Modi, Tilak V. Chavda, Alok Singh and
Sandip H. Sengar
1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 77
1.1 Biomass Energy ............................................................................. 77
1.2 Biomass Energy and Its Sources ................................................... 78
1.3 Waste Types and Composition ....................................................... 79
1.4 Biomass Properties ........................................................................ 81
2. Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies ............................................. 82
2.1 Biomass Gasification ...................................................................... 82
2.2 Biomass Gasification Process ........................................................ 83
2.2.1 Drying ................................................................................... 83
2.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis ................................................................. 85
2.2.3 Combustion ........................................................................... 87
2.2.4 Cracking ................................................................................ 87
2.2.5 Reduction .............................................................................. 87
2.3 Chemistry of Biomass Gasification ................................................ 88
2.4 Composition of Producer Gas ........................................................ 89
3. Classification of Gasifier ........................................................................... 89
3.1 Updraft Gasifier ............................................................................. 90
3.2 Downdraft Gasifier ........................................................................ 91
3.3 Fluidized Bed Gasifier .................................................................... 92
3.4 Cross Draft Gasifier....................................................................... 92
3.5 Twin Fire Gasifier .......................................................................... 92
3.6 Entrained-Flow Gasifier ................................................................. 92
3.7 Other Types of Gasifiers ................................................................ 94
3.8 Plasma Gasification for Toxic Organic Waste ............................... 95
3.9 Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) for Wet Biomass ......... 99
4. Sorption-Enhanced Reforming (SER) and Biomass Gasification with
CO Capture ......................................................................................... 100
2
5. Application of Syngas/Producer Gas .................................................... 101
5.1 Thermal Applications ................................................................... 101
5.2 Power Applications ...................................................................... 102