Biodiversity in Agroecosystems (Advances in Agroecology) PDF
Preview Biodiversity in Agroecosystems (Advances in Agroecology)
BIODIVERSITY IN AGROECOSYSTEMS Edited by Wanda W. Collins and Calvin O. Qualset © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. Acquiring Editor: John Sulzycki Project Editor: Maggie Mogck Marketing Manager: Becky McEldowney Cover design: Dawn Boyd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biodiversity in agroecosystems / edited by Wanda Williams Collins, Calvin O. Qualset. p. cm.—(Advances in agroecology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-290-9 (alk. paper) 1. Agricultural ecology. 2. Biological diversity. 3. Agricultural systems. I. Collins, Wanda Williams. II. Qualset, Calvin O. III. Series. S589.7.B575 1998 630—dc21 98-13056 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 1-56670-290- 9/99/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. 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Preface Diversity in biological resources (biodiversity) evolved to fill the innumerable environmental niches of the Earth. It is manifest in all except the most extreme global environments. Humans have exploited this diversity and shaped it over mil- lennia to meet basic needs for survival. Thus, biodiversity has been an integral and essential feature in the evolution of agriculture. Agrobiodiversity, that part of the full spectrum of diversity on which humans directly depend for food and fiber, represents plants, animals, and microbes that are greatly modified by the domesti- cation process to the extent that many of them cannot survive in the environments of their progenitors. Ancient farmers knew well the necessity of having different crops or animal breeds and different varieties of each crop or breed in case of failure of one or the other for various reasons. They also explored and utilized the rich diversity of flavors, textures, and aromas available in their plant and animal species. The management of agrobiodiversity is temporally and spatially integrated into agroecosystems. How agroecosystem management affects ecosystems in general is a subject of intensive research, debate, and controversy. Both intensive and extensive agricultural systems are essential to the sustainability of the global human popula- tion. In turn, these systems are dependent upon the existence of a rich reservoir of agrobiodiversity and its use in ways that complement and enhance biodiversity in its natural state. As is evident throughout this book, there are examples of severe negative impacts of agricultural activities on biodiversity, mainly through degrada- tion of natural habitats. Biodiversity losses are becoming recognized and, through research and practice, are slowly being mitigated. At the same time, there are examples of agriculture practices that enhance biodiversity and one of the great challenges for the next century will be to discover additional ways for achieving complementarity of food, fiber, and energy production and biodiversity conservation. Today’s farmers, using both traditional and high-technology methods, also under- stand that the continued success of their agriculture depends upon conserving, maintaining, and using the diversity that is so under threat now. It is also important that conservationists and policy makers have a thorough understanding of agricul- tural processes so they can discover practical ways to facilitate both agricultural production and natural resource conservation. This book is designed to emphasize just how important biodiversity is to agri- culture. The various chapters point out the positive effects of agriculture on helping to conserve and protect the diversity on which it depends. The effects of agricultural growth, genetic uniformity, and dependence on high levels of external inputs are also highlighted. The book is intended to present the reader with a broad view of the interplay of biodiversity and agriculture with chapters addressing soil microbes, insects, plants, animals, rangelands, and agro-forestry. Other chapters discuss the efforts to conserve, maintain, and effectively use plant and animal diversity most important to agriculture. Still other chapters delve into the value of genetic diversity to agriculture and the interaction with surrounding habitats and species. Finally, the integration of new biotechnologies into traditional and industrial agricultural systems © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. can have great impact on the quality of biodiversity and help shape strategies for its conservation. We believe that sharing this knowledge and these experiences by some of the world’s most knowledgeable experts will provide readers with a broad appreciation and heightened awareness of the stakes involved in the future preservation of these natural resources. Wanda W. Collins Calvin O. Qualset © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. The Editors Wanda W. Collins, Ph.D., currently is the Deputy Director General for Research at the International Potato Center in Lima, Peru. She is the author of more than 40 journal articles on genetics and plant breeding, several book chapters, and numerous extension and popular publications. Dr. Collins is a graduate of North Carolina State University where she received her Ph.D. in both Plant Pathology and Genetics in 1976. She joined the school’s Department of Horticultural Science that same year and became a full professor in 1986. She has been doing research on vegetable breeding and genetics (sweetpotato and potato) since 1976 and traveled to Peru to research the genetic resources of the Ipomoea species (wild relatives of the sweetpotato). Between 1996 and 1998, Dr. Collins also spent over 2 years on study leave at the World Bank in Washington, D.C. as Agricultural Research Advisor, Environmentally Sustainable Development Vice Presidency. She is one of the originators and the first chair of the Sweetpotato Crop Genetics Committee which advises the U.S. Germplasm System on sweetpotato germplasm. Her many memberships and contributions to the field of horticulture include Chair of the Board of Trustees for the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, member of the Executive Board for the American Society of Horticultural Science, and as the current President of the American Society of Horticultural Science. Calvin O. Qualset, Ph.D., is Director of the Genetic Resources Conservation Program of the Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of California, Davis. Before retiring as a professor in 1994, he held the positions of Chair of the Department of Agronomy and Range Science and Assistant Dean for Plant Sciences and Pest Management at UC Davis. He also served as Assistant Professor at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville from 1964 to 1967 before moving to California. He is active in developing biological conservation strategies and conducts research on plant genetic resource conservation and genetics. He serves on the Board of Trustees of the American Type Culture Collection as a representative of the Genetics Society of America. He coordinates the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative and is Principal Investigator on McKnight Foundation and BARD-funded projects in Mexico and Israel on in situ conservation of crop plants and genetic mapping of wheat. He has served on numerous reviews of international centers for the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research, of university depart- ments, and of current issues in agriculture and biology for the National Science Foundation and National Research Council. Dr. Qualset held Fulbright Fellowships to Australia and Yugoslavia and served as president of the American Society of Agronomy and of the Crop Science Society of America. He has received citations for work in plant breeding from the U.S. National Council of Commercial Plant Breeders and the Mexican National Institute of Agriculture and Forestry. He has authored more than 190 scientific papers and developed numerous varieties of wheat, oat, and triticale. © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. Contributors Miguel A. Altieri Joel I. Cohen Center for Biological Control Project Manager, Intermediary ESPM-Division of Insect Biology Biotechnology Service 201 Wellman – 3012 International Service for National University of California at Berkeley Agricultural Research (ISNAR) Berkeley, CA 94720-3112 The Hague, The Netherlands ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Stuart S. Bamforth Wanda W. Collins (Editor) Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Deputy Director General for Research Organismal Biology International Potato Center Tulane University Apartado 1558 New Orleans, LA 70118-5698 Lima 12, Peru ([email protected]) Mary E. Barbercheck Department of Entomology Cornelis de Haan North Carolina State University World Bank Raleigh, NC 27695-7634 1818 H Street N.W. ([email protected]) Washington, D.C. 20433 ([email protected]) Gary W. Barrett Michael I. Goldstein Institute of Ecology Department of Wildlife and Fisheries University of Georgia Science Athens, GA 30602-2202 ([email protected]) Texas A&M State University 210 Nagle Hall Terry A. Barrett College Station, TX 77843-2258 Institute of Ecology ([email protected]) University of Georgia Douglas Gollin Athens, GA 30606-2202 ([email protected]) Department of Economics Fernald House, Williams College Harvey W. Blackburn Williamstown, MA 01267 and Research Leader Affiliate Scientist, Economics Program USDA Sheep Experiment Station Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento H.C. 62, Box 2010 de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT) Dubois, ID 83423 Lisboa 27, Apdo. Postal 6-641, ([email protected]) CP 06600 Mexico, D.F. ([email protected]) Lara M. Coburn Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Keith Hammond Science Animal Production and Health Division Texas A&M State University Food and Agriculture Organization of 210 Nagle Hall the United Nations College Station, TX 77843-2258 00100 Rome, Italy ([email protected]) ([email protected]) © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. Geoffrey C. Hawtin Clara I. Nicholls Director General Department of Entomology International Plant Genetic Resources University of California at Davis Institute (IPGRI) Davis, CA 95616 Via delle Sette Chiese 142 ([email protected]) Rome, Italy ([email protected]) John David Peles Savannah River Ecology Ann C. Kennedy Laboratory USDA-ARS Drawer E Pullman, WA 99164-6421 Aiken, SC 29806 ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Thomas E. Lacher, Jr. Keith S. Pike Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Irrigated Agriculture Research and Science Extension Center Texas A&M State University Washington State University 210 Nagle Hall Prosser, WA 99350 College Station, TX 77843-2258 ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Jon K. Piper Roger R. B. Leakey Department of Biology Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bush Bethel College Estate North Newton, KS 67117 Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB ([email protected]) Scotland, U.K. ([email protected]) Calvin O. Qualset (Editor) Director, Genetic Resources Helen W. Leitch Conservation Program International Livestock Research University of California at Davis Institute Davis, CA 95616 Box 30709 ([email protected]) Nairobi, Kenya ([email protected]) Robert E. Rhoades Department of Anthropology Virginia D. Nazarea University of Georgia Department of Anthropology Athens, GA 30602 University of Georgia ([email protected]) Athens, GA 30602 ([email protected]) R. Douglas Slack Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Deborah A. Neher Science Department of Biology Texas A&M State University University of Toledo 210 Nagle Hall Toledo, OH 43606 College Station, TX 77843 ([email protected]) ([email protected]) © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. Melinda Smale Neil E. West Economics Program Department of Rangeland Resources Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento Utah State University de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT) Logan, UT 84322 Lisboa 27, Apdo. Postal 6-641 ([email protected]) CP 06600 Mexico, D.F ([email protected]) Petr Stary´ Institute of Entomology Czech Academy of Sciences Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice Czech Republic © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. Contents Chapter 1 Microbial Diversity in Agroecosystem Quality Ann C. Kennedy Chapter 2 Soil Microfauna: Diversity and Applications of Protozoans in Soil Stuart S. Bamforth Chapter 3 Diversity and Function of Soil Mesofauna Deborah A. Neher and Mary E. Barbercheck Chapter 4 Uses of Beneficial Insect Diversity in Agroecosystem Management Petr Stary´ and Keith S. Pike Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Ecosystem Function, and Insect Pest Management in Agricultural Systems Miguel A. Altieri and Clara I. Nicholls Chapter 6 Livestock and Biodiversity Harvey W. Blackburn and Cornelis de Haan Chapter 7 Managing for Biodiversity of Rangelands Neil E.West Chapter 8 Agroforestry for Biodiversity in Farming Systems Roger R. B. Leakey Chapter 9 The Role of Agroecosystems in Wildlife Biodiversity Thomas E. Lacher, Jr., R. Douglas Slack, Lara M. Coburn, and Michael I. Goldstein Chapter 10 Natural Systems Agriculture Jon K. Piper © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. Chapter 11 Managing Agroecosystems as Agrolandscapes: Reconnecting Agricultural and Urban Landscapes Gary W. Barrett, Terry A. Barrett, and John David Peles Chapter 12 Local Management of Biodiversity in Traditional Agroecosystems Robert E. Rhoades and Virginia D. Nazarea Chapter 13 Valuing Genetic Diversity: Crop Plants and Agroecosystems Douglas Gollin and Melinda Smale Chapter 14 Conserving and Using Crop Plant Biodiversity in Agroecosystems Wanda W. Collins and Geoffrey C. Hawtin Chapter 15 Implementing the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources Keith Hammond and Helen W. Leitch Chapter 16 Agroecosystem Quality: Policy and Management Challenges for New Technologies and Diversity Joel I. Cohen © 1999 by CRC Press LLC.
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