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Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability PDF

640 Pages·2012·9.97 MB·English
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Biodiversity in Agriculture Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability The introduction of plant and animal agriculture represents one of the most important milestones in human evolution. It contributed to the development of cities, alphabets, new technologies, and – ultimately – to civilizations, but it has also presented a threat to both human health and the environment. Bringing together research from a range of fields including anthropology, archaeology, ecology, economics, entomology, ethnobiology, genetics, and geography, this book addresses key questions relating to agriculture. Why did agriculture develop, and where did it originate? What are the patterns of domestication for plants and animals? How did agroecosystems originate and spread from their locations of origin? Exploring the cultural aspects of the development of agricultural ecosystems, the book also highlights how these topics can be applied to our understanding of contemporary agriculture, its long-term sustainability, the co-existence of agriculture and the environment, and the development of new crops and varieties. Paul Gepts isProfessor ofPlantSciences atthe University ofCalifornia, Davis. Thomas R. Famula is Professor of Animal Science at the University of California, Davis. RobertL.BettingerisaProfessorintheDepartmentofAnthropology,Universityof California, Davis. StephenB.BrushisProfessorEmeritusintheDepartmentofHumanandCommu- nity Development, Universityof California, Davis. Ardeshir B. Damania is an Associate in the Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Plant Sciences,University ofCalifornia, Davis. Patrick E. McGuire is Academic Coordinator in the Department of Plant Sciences, University ofCalifornia, Davis. Calvin O. Qualset is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Plant Sciences, University ofCalifornia, Davis. Biodiversity in Agriculture Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability Edited by PAUL GEPTS, THOMAS R. FAMULA, ROBERT L. BETTINGER, STEPHEN B. BRUSH, ARDESHIR B. DAMANIA, PATRICK E. MCGUIRE, and CALVIN O. QUALSET Universityof California, Davis, USA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica byCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521764599 #CambridgeUniversityPress2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2012 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata HarlanSymposium(2nd:2008:UniversityofCalifornia,Davis) Biodiversityinagriculture:domestication,evolution,andsustainability/edited byPaulGepts...[etal.]. p. cm. “ThepresentationsofthesecondeditionoftheHarlanSymposium,held September14–18,2008,onthecampusoftheUniversityofCalifornia, Davis...”–Foreword. Includesindex. ISBN978-0-521-76459-9(Hardback)–ISBN978-0-521-17087-1(Paperback) 1. Agrobiodiversity–Congresses. I. Gepts,PaulL. II. Title. S494.5.A43H372008 631.508–dc23 2011026300 ISBN978-0-521-76459-9Hardback ISBN978-0-521-17087-1Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents List oftables pageviii List offigures x Foreword xv B.D.Smith List ofcontributors xvii Acknowledgments xxiii P.GeptsandT.Famula Introduction: The Domestication ofPlantsand Animals: Ten Unanswered Questions 1 P.Gepts,R.Bettinger,S.Brush,A.Damania,T.Famula,P.McGuire,andC.Qualset 1 The Local Origins ofDomestication 9 J.Diamond Section I Early Steps in Agricultural Domestication R.Bettinger 2 Evolutionof Agroecosystems:Biodiversity, Origins, and Differential Development 21 D.R.Harris 3 From Foragingto Farming inWestern and Eastern Asia 57 O.Bar-Yosef 4 Pre-Domestic Cultivationduring theLate Pleistocene and Early Holocene in the Northern Levant 92 G.Willcox 5 New Archaeobotanical Information onPlant Domestication from Macro-Remains: Tracking the Evolutionof Domestication Syndrome Traits 110 D.Q.Fuller 6 New Archaeobotanical Information onEarly Cultivationand Plant Domestication Involving Microplant(Phytolith and Starch Grain) Remains 136 D.R.Piperno vi Contents 7 How and Why Did AgricultureSpread? 160 P.Bellwood 8 California Indian Proto-Agriculture: Its Characterizationand Legacy 190 M.K.AndersonandE.Wohlgemuth Section II Domestication of Animals and Impacts on Humans T.Famula 9 Pathways to Animal Domestication 227 M.A.Zeder 10 Genetics ofAnimal Domestication 260 L.Andersson 11 Genome-Wide Approachesfor the Study ofDogDomestication 275 B.M.vonHoldt,M.M.Gray,andR.K.Wayne 12 Malaria and RicketsRepresent SelectiveForces for the Convergent Evolution ofAdultLactase Persistence 299 L.Cordain,M.S.Hickey,andK.Kim Section III Issues in Plant Domestication P.Gepts 13 The Dynamicsof Rice Domestication: ABalance between Gene Flow and Genetic Isolation 311 S.R.McCouch,M.J.Kovach,M.Sweeney,H.Jiang,andM.Semon 14 Domestication of LimaBeans:A New Look atanOld Problem 330 M.I.Chaco´nS.,J.R.Motta-Aldana,M.L.SerranoS.,andD.G.Debouck 15 Genetic Characterization of Cassava(Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Yam (Dioscorea trifidaL.) Landracesin SwiddenAgriculture Systems in Brazil 344 E.A.Veasey,E.A.Bressan,M.V.B.M.Siqueira,A.Borges,J.R.Queiroz-Silva,K.J.C.Pereira, G.H.Recchia,andL.C.Ming 16 Pigeonpea: From anOrphan toaLeaderin Food Legumes 361 C.L.LaxmipathiGowda,K.B.Saxena,R.K.Srivastava,H.D.Upadhyaya,andS.N.Silim Section IV Traditional Management of Biodiversity S.Brush 17 Ecological Approaches toCropDomestication 377 D.B.McKey,M.Elias,B.Pujol,andA.Duputie´ Contents vii 18 Agrobiodiversity Shifts onThree Continents Since Vavilovand Harlan: Assessing Causes,Processes, and Implications for Food Security 407 G.P.Nabhan,K.Wilson,O.Aknazarov,K.-A.Kassam,L.Monti,D.Cavagnaro,S.Kelly, T.Johnson,andF.Sekacucu 19 Indigenous PeoplesConserving, Managing, and Creating Biodiversity 426 J.Salick 20 Land Architecture in the Maya Lowlands:Implications for Sustainability 445 B.L.TurnerIIandD.Lawrence 21 Agrobiodiversity and Water Resources in Agricultural Landscape Evolution (AndeanValleyIrrigation, Bolivia, 1986 to 2008) 464 K.S.Zimmerer Section V Uses of Biodiversity and New and Future Domestications P.McGuireandC.Qualset 22 Participatory Domestication ofIndigenous Fruit and Nut Trees: New Crops for Sustainable Agriculture in Developing Countries 479 R.R.B.Leakey 23 The Introduction and Dispersal of Vitis vinifera intoCalifornia: A Case Study ofthe Interaction ofPeople, Plants, Economics, and Environment 502 J.Lapsley 24 Genetic Resources of Yeastand OtherMicro-Organisms 515 C.W.Bamforth 25 Biodiversity of Native Bees and Crop Pollination with EmphasisonCalifornia 526 R.W.Thorp 26 Aquaculture, the Next WaveofDomestication 538 D.Hedgecock 27 GeneticSustainabilityandBiodiversity:ChallengestotheCaliforniaDairyIndustry 549 J.F.Medrano Index 562 The colorplateswill be found between pages78 and 79. Tables 2.1 Ethnohistoricallydocumented ‘root and tuber’ foodplants in Australiaand western North America page 26 2.2 Ethnohistoricallydocumented grasses and forbs harvested for seeds inAustralia and western North America 31 2.3 Indigenousstaplefood cropsand domestic herd animalsof ten major world agriculture regions 43 4.1 Countsof edible taxafrom northern Levant siteswithno signs of morphological domestication 95 4.2 Weedsof cultivation present at different sitesin the Near East 101 5.1 Comparisonof evolutionary rates ofdomestication syndrome traits across selectedcrops 127 7.1 Likely origin regions and archaeological correlationsfor the initial spreads of major language families 165 8.1 Common small-seeded plants in archaeological sites of interior centralCalifornia 199 8.2 Common weeds in farmers’ fieldsin 1890 210 8.3 Proportion of frequency ofdisturbance-follower small-seeded plants by timeperiod 212 11.1 Permutation testsof haplotype-sharing perbreed withwolf populations 287 13.1 The recognized subpopulations ofOryza sativa 314 14.1 Vernacular names of Lima bean inthe Americas,places where registered, and possiblelanguageinvolved 332 14.2 Archaeologicalrecords forLimabean in the Americas 332 14.3 AMOVA results and comparisons ofdifferentiation coefficients among wild formsof Lima bean 335 14.4 Nucleotide diversity and founder effect in gene pools AI and MI 339 15.1 Number ofindividuals analyzed forpolymorphism,heterozygosity, and diversity forfivegroups ofcassava 348 15.2 Nei genetic diversity parameters foreach locus and for thetotal evaluated loci for five groups ofcassava 348 15.3 Molecular varianceanalysis (AMOVA) for25 landraces of Dioscoreatrifida 353

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