Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability

640 Pages·2012·9.97 MB·English

by  Paul Gepts

Biodiversity in Agriculture
Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability
The introduction of plant and animal agriculture represents one of the most
important milestones in human evolution. It contributed to the development of
cities, alphabets, new technologies, and – ultimately – to civilizations, but it has
also presented a threat to both human health and the environment.
Bringing together research from a range of fields including anthropology,
archaeology, ecology, economics, entomology, ethnobiology, genetics, and
geography, this book addresses key questions relating to agriculture. Why did
agriculture develop, and where did it originate? What are the patterns of
domestication for plants and animals? How did agroecosystems originate and
spread from their locations of origin? Exploring the cultural aspects of the
development of agricultural ecosystems, the book also highlights how these
topics can be applied to our understanding of contemporary agriculture, its
long-term sustainability, the co-existence of agriculture and the environment,
and the development of new crops and varieties.
Paul Gepts isProfessor ofPlantSciences atthe University ofCalifornia, Davis.
Thomas R. Famula is Professor of Animal Science at the University of California,
Davis.
RobertL.BettingerisaProfessorintheDepartmentofAnthropology,Universityof
California, Davis.
StephenB.BrushisProfessorEmeritusintheDepartmentofHumanandCommu-
nity Development, Universityof California, Davis.
Ardeshir B. Damania is an Associate in the Agricultural Experiment Station,
Department of Plant Sciences,University ofCalifornia, Davis.
Patrick E. McGuire is Academic Coordinator in the Department of Plant Sciences,
University ofCalifornia, Davis.
Calvin O. Qualset is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Plant Sciences,
University ofCalifornia, Davis.

Biodiversity in Agriculture
Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability
Edited by
PAUL GEPTS, THOMAS R. FAMULA, ROBERT L. BETTINGER,
STEPHEN B. BRUSH, ARDESHIR B. DAMANIA,
PATRICK E. MCGUIRE, and CALVIN O. QUALSET
Universityof California, Davis, USA
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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#CambridgeUniversityPress2012
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Firstpublished2012
PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
HarlanSymposium(2nd:2008:UniversityofCalifornia,Davis)
Biodiversityinagriculture:domestication,evolution,andsustainability/edited
byPaulGepts...[etal.].
p. cm.
“ThepresentationsofthesecondeditionoftheHarlanSymposium,held
September14–18,2008,onthecampusoftheUniversityofCalifornia,
Davis...”–Foreword. Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-521-76459-9(Hardback)–ISBN978-0-521-17087-1(Paperback)
1. Agrobiodiversity–Congresses. I. Gepts,PaulL. II. Title.
S494.5.A43H372008
631.508–dc23
2011026300
ISBN978-0-521-76459-9Hardback
ISBN978-0-521-17087-1Paperback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor
accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto
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Contents
List oftables pageviii
List offigures x
Foreword xv
B.D.Smith
List ofcontributors xvii
Acknowledgments xxiii
P.GeptsandT.Famula
Introduction: The Domestication ofPlantsand Animals: Ten Unanswered Questions 1
P.Gepts,R.Bettinger,S.Brush,A.Damania,T.Famula,P.McGuire,andC.Qualset
1 The Local Origins ofDomestication 9
J.Diamond
Section I Early Steps in Agricultural Domestication
R.Bettinger
2 Evolutionof Agroecosystems:Biodiversity, Origins, and Differential Development 21
D.R.Harris
3 From Foragingto Farming inWestern and Eastern Asia 57
O.Bar-Yosef
4 Pre-Domestic Cultivationduring theLate Pleistocene and Early Holocene
in the Northern Levant 92
G.Willcox
5 New Archaeobotanical Information onPlant Domestication from Macro-Remains:
Tracking the Evolutionof Domestication Syndrome Traits 110
D.Q.Fuller
6 New Archaeobotanical Information onEarly Cultivationand Plant Domestication
Involving Microplant(Phytolith and Starch Grain) Remains 136
D.R.Piperno
vi Contents
7 How and Why Did AgricultureSpread? 160
P.Bellwood
8 California Indian Proto-Agriculture: Its Characterizationand Legacy 190
M.K.AndersonandE.Wohlgemuth
Section II Domestication of Animals and Impacts on Humans
T.Famula
9 Pathways to Animal Domestication 227
M.A.Zeder
10 Genetics ofAnimal Domestication 260
L.Andersson
11 Genome-Wide Approachesfor the Study ofDogDomestication 275
B.M.vonHoldt,M.M.Gray,andR.K.Wayne
12 Malaria and RicketsRepresent SelectiveForces for the Convergent
Evolution ofAdultLactase Persistence 299
L.Cordain,M.S.Hickey,andK.Kim
Section III Issues in Plant Domestication
P.Gepts
13 The Dynamicsof Rice Domestication: ABalance between Gene Flow
and Genetic Isolation 311
S.R.McCouch,M.J.Kovach,M.Sweeney,H.Jiang,andM.Semon
14 Domestication of LimaBeans:A New Look atanOld Problem 330
M.I.Chaco´nS.,J.R.Motta-Aldana,M.L.SerranoS.,andD.G.Debouck
15 Genetic Characterization of Cassava(Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Yam
(Dioscorea trifidaL.) Landracesin SwiddenAgriculture Systems in Brazil 344
E.A.Veasey,E.A.Bressan,M.V.B.M.Siqueira,A.Borges,J.R.Queiroz-Silva,K.J.C.Pereira,
G.H.Recchia,andL.C.Ming
16 Pigeonpea: From anOrphan toaLeaderin Food Legumes 361
C.L.LaxmipathiGowda,K.B.Saxena,R.K.Srivastava,H.D.Upadhyaya,andS.N.Silim
Section IV Traditional Management of Biodiversity
S.Brush
17 Ecological Approaches toCropDomestication 377
D.B.McKey,M.Elias,B.Pujol,andA.Duputie´
Contents vii
18 Agrobiodiversity Shifts onThree Continents Since Vavilovand Harlan:
Assessing Causes,Processes, and Implications for Food Security 407
G.P.Nabhan,K.Wilson,O.Aknazarov,K.-A.Kassam,L.Monti,D.Cavagnaro,S.Kelly,
T.Johnson,andF.Sekacucu
19 Indigenous PeoplesConserving, Managing, and Creating Biodiversity 426
J.Salick
20 Land Architecture in the Maya Lowlands:Implications for Sustainability 445
B.L.TurnerIIandD.Lawrence
21 Agrobiodiversity and Water Resources in Agricultural Landscape Evolution
(AndeanValleyIrrigation, Bolivia, 1986 to 2008) 464
K.S.Zimmerer
Section V Uses of Biodiversity and New and Future Domestications
P.McGuireandC.Qualset
22 Participatory Domestication ofIndigenous Fruit and Nut Trees: New Crops
for Sustainable Agriculture in Developing Countries 479
R.R.B.Leakey
23 The Introduction and Dispersal of Vitis vinifera intoCalifornia: A Case Study
ofthe Interaction ofPeople, Plants, Economics, and Environment 502
J.Lapsley
24 Genetic Resources of Yeastand OtherMicro-Organisms 515
C.W.Bamforth
25 Biodiversity of Native Bees and Crop Pollination with EmphasisonCalifornia 526
R.W.Thorp
26 Aquaculture, the Next WaveofDomestication 538
D.Hedgecock
27 GeneticSustainabilityandBiodiversity:ChallengestotheCaliforniaDairyIndustry 549
J.F.Medrano
Index 562
The colorplateswill be found between pages78 and 79.
Tables
2.1 Ethnohistoricallydocumented ‘root and tuber’ foodplants
in Australiaand western North America page 26
2.2 Ethnohistoricallydocumented grasses and forbs harvested for
seeds inAustralia and western North America 31
2.3 Indigenousstaplefood cropsand domestic herd animalsof ten
major world agriculture regions 43
4.1 Countsof edible taxafrom northern Levant siteswithno signs
of morphological domestication 95
4.2 Weedsof cultivation present at different sitesin the Near East 101
5.1 Comparisonof evolutionary rates ofdomestication syndrome
traits across selectedcrops 127
7.1 Likely origin regions and archaeological correlationsfor the
initial spreads of major language families 165
8.1 Common small-seeded plants in archaeological sites of interior
centralCalifornia 199
8.2 Common weeds in farmers’ fieldsin 1890 210
8.3 Proportion of frequency ofdisturbance-follower small-seeded
plants by timeperiod 212
11.1 Permutation testsof haplotype-sharing perbreed withwolf
populations 287
13.1 The recognized subpopulations ofOryza sativa 314
14.1 Vernacular names of Lima bean inthe Americas,places where
registered, and possiblelanguageinvolved 332
14.2 Archaeologicalrecords forLimabean in the Americas 332
14.3 AMOVA results and comparisons ofdifferentiation coefficients
among wild formsof Lima bean 335
14.4 Nucleotide diversity and founder effect in gene pools AI and MI 339
15.1 Number ofindividuals analyzed forpolymorphism,heterozygosity,
and diversity forfivegroups ofcassava 348
15.2 Nei genetic diversity parameters foreach locus and for thetotal
evaluated loci for five groups ofcassava 348
15.3 Molecular varianceanalysis (AMOVA) for25 landraces
of Dioscoreatrifida 353