Biodiversity Hotspots: Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas PDF
Preview Biodiversity Hotspots: Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas
Biodiversity Hotspots . Frank E. Zachos Jan Christian Habel l Editors Biodiversity Hotspots Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas - - Editors Dr.habil.JanChristianHabel Dr.habil.FrankE.Zachos Muse´eNationald´HistoireNaturelle NaturhistorischesMuseumWien Luxembourg MammalCollection 25,rueMu¨nster Burgring7 2160Luxembourg,Luxembourg 1010Vienna,Austria [email protected] [email protected] ISBN978-3-642-20991-8 e-ISBN978-3-642-20992-5 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011936795 # Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotective lawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverillustrations: Frontcover:Coralreefsareamongthemostdiversehabitatsontheplanet.Thefrontcoverphotograph wastakenbyJonasThormarintheRedSeaandshowsabombora,orisolatedpieceofreef,nearEilat, Israel. Backcover:Astill-undescribedspeciesofHarlequinfrog(Atelopussp.)photographedintheTropical AndesbiodiversityhotspotbyJosKielgast.Thisspeciesisonthevergeofextinction,asaremorethan 80%ofthemembersofitslargeandspectaculargenus.Amphibiansonthewholeareamongthetaxa sufferingmostinthepresentbiodiversitycrisis. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface TheUnitedNationsdeclared2010tobetheInternationalYearofBiodiversity.This declaration highlights both the value of biodiversity and the urgent need to take actionpreservingitinthelightofwhathasoftenbeencalledtheSixthExtinction. Already some twenty years ago, E.O. Wilson estimated that about 30,000 species becameextinctperyear(or,roughly,3.5speciesperhour!).Whiletherehasbeenan ongoingdebateaboutthecausesofthefirstfivemassextinctions,thereisnodoubt about the present one – it is man-made, and there is little reason to believe it will cease in the near future. The IUCN acknowledges three levels of biodiversity: ecosystem, species and genetic diversity, and all three of them are unevenly dis- tributed across our planet. This has led to the concept of biodiversity hotspots, a termthatisusedwithdifferentmeanings.Whileinitsstrictsense,itisbasedona combinationofquantifiedspeciesendemism(atleast1,500endemicplantspecies, i.e.,0.5%ofallknownspecies)andhabitatloss(70%ormoreofanarea’sprimary vegetation), biodiversity hotspots sensu lato refer to any area or region with exceptionallyhighbiodiversityatoneormoreofthethreeabove-mentionedlevels. Inthisbook,unlessstatedotherwise,thislatterusageofthetermprevailsbecauseit isbeingappliedinboththepopularandtechnicalliterature(andtherefore,itisnot feasibletoreducethehotspottermtoitstechnicaldefinitiononly).Thenumberof acknowledged biodiversity hotspots sensu stricto has, over the years, increased from 18 in the late 1980s through 25 in the year 2000 to, until very recently, 34. Withthepublicationofthisbook,theForestsofEastAustraliahavemadeitintothe listasnumber35(seeChap.16). This volume owes its existence to a conference on Biodiversity Hotspots – Evolution and Conservation held in Luxembourg in March 2009, where experts fromdifferentdisciplinesandcontinentspresentedanddiscussedtopicsrelatedto biodiversity, its threats and conservation. While some of the following chapters have their roots in talks given at this conference, this book was never intended to be a “conference proceedings volume”. Instead, we aimed at filling gaps and coveringawiderrangeoftopicsbyinvitingmoreinternationalexpertstocontribute chaptersfromtheirareaofresearch.Amulti-authorvolumelikethiswillneverbea v vi Preface monolithicandfullycoherentbook,andweareawarethatthereareinevitablydif- ferencesinbreadth,depth,scopeandqualityamongchapters.Also,wearesurethat some readers may wonder why some region or aspect is considered, while others are not. In a single volume of merely 500þ pages, there will always be a certain degree of contingency with respect to the choice of subjects, and even more so whenatopicascolossalasthisistackled.Wefreelyadmitthattherearestillgapsat least some of which, however, are due to the fact that invited authors declined or were not able to contribute a chapter within the time frame of this book. We have been aware of these shortcomings from the beginning, and we have tried to compensateforthisbybroadeningourscopeandalsoincludingchaptersonhuman diversity, ways of measuring biodiversity and the sociocultural dimension of conservationbiology. We arehappy tohave,apartfromthenewlydescribed35th biodiversityhotspots.str.,chaptersonclassicalregionsorbiotopesofhighdiversity suchasMadagascar,the Mata Atlantica, the Mediterranean or coral reefs, and we wereluckyenoughtoalsohaveachapteronthedeepsea,arealmwhosecontribu- tiontoglobalbiodiversityweareonlyjustbeginningtounderstand.Inadditionto this, the book contains chapters on particular taxa, among them African cichlid fishes,thetextbookexampleofadaptiveradiationandspeciesdiversity,amphibians (whicharethreatenedglobally)andinvertebrates(whicharestrikinglyunderrepre- sentedinbiodiversityassessments–despitethefactthattheyaccountformorethan 90%ofallspecies). Although biodiversity and its conservation are very much en vogue in today’s ecological and evolutionary research, we hope that a book like this may still con- tribute to deepening our knowledge and increasing the awareness for the rapid loss of our most valuable legacy. We are grateful to Springer publishers for the opportunity to edit this volume and to Andrea Schlitzberger and Dieter Czeschlik fortheireditorialhelp.Moreover,wethankfullyacknowledgetheSpringerreferees who made valuable suggestions and insightful comments during the planning phase of this book, and last but not least we wish to express our gratitude to the peer-reviewers of the single chapters that have helped to improve this book by sharingtheirknowledgewithus. Kiel,Germany FrankE.Zachos Luxembourg,Luxembourg JanC.Habel Contents PartI IntroductoryandGlobalAspects 1 GlobalBiodiversityConservation:TheCriticalRoleofHotspots .... 3 RussellA.Mittermeier,WillR.Turner,FrankW.Larsen, ThomasM.Brooks,andClaudeGascon 2 AToughChoice:ApproachesTowardstheSetting ofGlobalConservationPriorities ...................................... 23 ChristineB.Schmitt 3 QuantifyingBiodiversity:DoesItMatterWhatWeMeasure? ...... 43 T.JonathanDaviesandMarcW.Cadotte 4 HumanPopulationandtheHotspotsRevisited: A2010Assessment ....................................................... 61 JohnN.Williams 5 VascularPlantDiversityinaChangingWorld: GlobalCentresandBiome-SpecificPatterns .......................... 83 JensMutke,JanHenningSommer,HolgerKreft, GeroldKier,andWilhelmBarthlott 6 GeneticBasisofHumanBiodiversity:AnUpdate .................... 97 GuidoBarbujaniandVincenzaColonna PartII BiodiversityinthePalaearctic 7 MediterraneanPeninsulas:TheEvolutionofHotspots .............. 123 GodfreyM.Hewitt vii viii Contents 8 GlobalChangeEffectsonAlpinePlantDiversity .................... 149 GeorgGrabherr,MichaelGottfried,andHaraldPauli 9 EuropeanHotspotsasEvidencedbythePalearctic DistributionofSongbirds .............................................. 165 RonaldSluys,MansourAliabadian,andCeesS.Roselaar 10 PatternsandHotspotsofCarabidBeetleDiversityinthe Palaearctic:InsightsfromaHyperdiverseInvertebrateTaxon .... 175 AndreasSchuldtandThorstenAssmann 11 TheCarpathiansasaMajorDiversityHotspotinEurope .......... 189 Miklo´sBa´lint,LujzaUjva´rosi,KathrinTheissinger, StephanieLehrian,Noe´miMe´sza´ros,andSteffenU.Pauls PartIII BiodiversityinMadagascar 12 ConservationinaBiodiversityHotspot:InsightsfromCultural andCommunityPerspectivesinMadagascar ........................ 209 NadineV.M.Fritz-Vietta,H.BarryFerguson, SusanneStoll-Kleemann,andJo¨rgU.Ganzhorn 13 TheKingdomoftheFrogs:AnuranRadiationsinMadagascar .... 235 Philip-SebastianGehring,Jo¨rnKo¨hler,AxelStrauß, RogerD.Randrianiaina,JulianGlos,FrankGlaw,andMiguelVences 14 Hotspots,Conservation,andDiseases:Madagascar’sMegadiverse AmphibiansandthePotentialImpactofChytridiomycosis ......... 255 StefanLo¨tters,DennisRo¨dder,JosKielgast,andFrankGlaw PartIV BiodiversityintheTropics 15 ImpactsofBiofuelExpansioninBiodiversityHotspots ............. 277 JaniceS.H.Lee,JohnGarcia-Ulloa,andLianPinKoh 16 ForestsofEastAustralia:The35thBiodiversityHotspot ........... 295 KristenJ.Williams,AndrewFord,DanF.Rosauer, NaamalDeSilva,RussellMittermeier,CarolineBruce, FrankW.Larsen,andChrisMargules 17 StatusandThreatsintheDynamicLandscapes ofNorthernAustralia’sTropicalRainforestBiodiversity Hotspot:TheWetTropics ............................................. 311 NigelE.Stork,SteveGoosem,andStephenM.Turton Contents ix 18 ExplosiveSpeciationandAdaptiveRadiationofEast AfricanCichlidFishes .................................................. 333 ChristianSturmbauer,MartinHusemann,andPatrickD.Danley 19 Inter-andIntraspecificGeneticBiodiversityinSouthEast AsianRodents:NewInsightsforTheirConservation ............... 363 MariePage`s,AliceLatinne,andMichauxJohan 20 TheAmphibiansandReptilesofSulawesi:Underestimated DiversityinaDynamicEnvironment ................................. 383 Andre´ Koch 21 TheBrazilianAtlanticForest:AShrinking BiodiversityHotspot .................................................... 405 MiltonCezarRibeiro,AlexandreCamargoMartensen, JeanPaulMetzger,MarceloTabarelli,Fa´bioScarano, andMarie-JoseeFortin 22 SustainableDevelopmentandConservationofBiodiversity HotspotsinLatinAmerica:TheCaseofEcuador ................... 435 MarcoRieckmann,MaikAdomßent,WernerHa¨rdtle, andPatriciaAguirre 23 WhenHotspotsMeet:TheGala´pagosIslands:AHotspot ofSpeciesEndemismBasedonaVolcanicHotspotCentre ......... 453 SebastianSteinfartz PartV MarineBiodiversity 24 HotspotsonGlobalCoralReefs ....................................... 471 MarjorieL.ReakaandSaraA.Lombardi 25 BiodiversityofaUniqueEnvironment:TheSouthernOcean BenthosShapedandThreatenedbyClimateChange ............... 503 AngelikaBrandtandJulianGutt PartVI Conclusions 26 BiodiversityHotspots:ConcludingRemarksandPerspectives ..... 529 FrankE.Zachos,RussellA.Mittermeier,andJanC.Habel Index .......................................................................... 537
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