Biodiversity and ecosystem services in Nordic coastal ecosystems:an IPBES-like assessment

303 Pages·2017·16.16 MB·English

Biodiversity and ecosystem services
in Nordic coastal ecosystems:
an IPBES-like assessment
Volume 2
The geographical
case studies

Biodiversity and ecosystem services
in Nordic coastal ecosystems:
an IPBES-like assessment. Volume 2.
The geographical case studies
Tunón, T. (Ed.)
Berglund, J., Boström, J., Clausen, P., Gamfeldt, L., Gundersen, H.,
Hancke, K., Hansen, J.L.S., Häggblom, M., Højgård Petersen, A.,
Ilvessalo-Lax, H., Jacobsen, K-O., Kvarnström, M., Lax, H-G.,
Køie Poulsen, M., Magnussen, K., Mustonen, K., Mustonen, T., Norling, P.,
Oddsdottir, E., Postmyr, E., Roth, E., Roto, J., Sogn Andersen, G.,
Svedäng, H., Sørensen J., Tunón, H., Vävare, S.
TemaNord 2018:532
Biodiversity and ecosystem services in Nordic coastal ecosystems: an IPBES-like assessment. Volume 2.
The geographical case studies

Tunón, T. (Ed.)
Berglund, J., Boström, J., Clausen, P., Gamfeldt, L., Gundersen, H., Hancke, K., Hansen, J.L.S., Häggblom, M.,
Højgård Petersen A., Ilvessalo-Lax, H., Jacobsen, K-O., Kvarnström, M., Lax, H-G., Køie Poulsen, M.,
Magnussen, K., Mustonen, K., Mustonen, T., Norling, P., Oddsdottir, E., Postmyr, E., Roth, E., Roto, J.,
Sogn Andersen, G., Svedäng, H., Sørensen J., Tunón, H., Vävare, S.

Project-leader: Gunilla Ejdung and Britta Skagerfält.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2018-532

TemaNord 2018:532
ISSN 0908-6692

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© Nordic Council of Ministers 2018
Cover photo: Håkan Tunon

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Recommended citation:
Tunón, H. (Ed.). (2018). Biodiversity and ecosystem services in Nordic coastal ecosystems
– an IPBES-like assessment. Vol. 2. Geographical case studies.
TemaNord 2018:532. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
Belgrano, A. (Ed.). (2018). Biodiversity and ecosystem services in Nordic coastal ecosystems
– an IPBES-like assessment.Vol. 1. General overview.
TemaNord 2018:536 Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
Belgrano, A., Ejdung, G., Lindblad, C., Tunón, H. (Eds.). (2018). Biodiversity and ecosystem services in
Nordic coastal ecosystems – an IPBES-like assessment. 2 volumes.
TemaNord 2018:536 & 532. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
Biodiversity and ecosystem services in Nordic coastal ecosystems – an IPBES-like assessment.
Summary for policymakers. A Nordic cooperation between Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway,
Sweden, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland.
A pdf of this report can be retrieved at http://www.naturvardsverket.se/978-91-620-8799-9
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Contents
Foreword ................................................................................................................................... 7
Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 9
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 11
Important characteristics of case study sites ...................................................................... 11
References ....................................................................................................................... 20
1. Neiden/Näätämö ............................................................................................................... 21
1.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................... 21
1.2 Key Ecosystem Services .......................................................................................... 23
1.3 Biodiversity and ecosystem characteristics .............................................................. 23
1.4 Drivers and pressures ............................................................................................. 25
1.5 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies .................................... 26
1.6 Insights from indigenous and local knowledge........................................................ 29
1.7 References ..............................................................................................................30
2. Kalix archipelago: Biodiversity, ecosystems, local knowledge and customary use ............... 31
2.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................... 31
2.2 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies .....................................34
2.3 Status and trends for biodiversity and ecosystems ..................................................39
2.4 Direct and indirect drivers ....................................................................................... 51
2.5 Current and future interactions between nature and society .................................... 53
2.6 Governance of ecosystem services ......................................................................... 54
2.7 References ............................................................................................................. 60
2.8 Annex: Nature’s contribution to people in the Kalix archipelago ............................. 62
3. Kvarken – The Quark ........................................................................................................ 65
3.1 Setting the scene ................................................................................................... 66
3.2 Key Ecosystem Services in the Quark ..................................................................... 68
3.3 Importance of ecosystem services for security, health and quality of life
in the Quark ............................................................................................................ 71
3.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Characteristics in the Quark ......................................... 73
3.5 Biodiversity status of the Quark .............................................................................. 79
3.6 Direct and Indirect Drivers in the Quark .................................................................. 80
3.7 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies – national directives
implemented regionally in the Quark ...................................................................... 87
3.8 Insights from indigenous and local knowledge – From past to present .................... 90
3.9 References ............................................................................................................. 99
3.10 Annex: SeaGIS 2.0 Interreg-project ....................................................................... 100
4. Lake Puruvesi, North Karelia and South Savo, Finland – Representing the Ecoregion:
Saimaa ............................................................................................................................ 101
4.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................. 102
4.2 Key Ecosystem Services ........................................................................................ 103
4.3 Biodiversity and ecosystem characteristics ............................................................ 106
4.4 Drivers and pressures ............................................................................................ 107
4.5 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies ................................... 109
4.6 Insights from indigenous and local knowledge....................................................... 110
4.7 References ............................................................................................................ 112
5. Lumparn ..........................................................................................................................113
5.1 Setting the scene ...................................................................................................113
5.2 Key ecosystem services ........................................................................................ 116
5.3 Biodiversity and ecosystems characteristics ........................................................... 117
5.4 Drivers of change .................................................................................................. 123
5.5 Knowledge gaps and recommendations for policy makers .................................... 126
5.6 References ............................................................................................................133
6. The Sound: Biodiversity and ecosystem services in a densely populated and heavily
exploited area ................................................................................................................. 135
6.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................. 135
6.2 Key Ecosystem Services......................................................................................... 137
6.3 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Characteristics........................................................... 143
6.4 Drivers and Pressures ........................................................................................... 154
6.5 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies ................................... 159
6.6 Insights from indigenous and local knowledge ...................................................... 164
6.7 Concluding remarks .............................................................................................. 166
6.8 References ........................................................................................................... 168
7. Helgeland: An Atlantic archipelago (Norway) ................................................................... 173
7.1 Setting the scene ................................................................................................... 173
7.2 Key Ecosystem Services.........................................................................................175
7.3 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Characteristics........................................................... 182
7.4 Drivers and Pressures ........................................................................................... 190
7.5 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies ................................... 196
7.6 Insights from indigenous and local knowledge ...................................................... 200
7.7 References ........................................................................................................... 202
8. Faroe Islands (Føroyar) .................................................................................................... 207
8.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................. 207
8.2 Nature’s contributions to people ........................................................................... 210
8.3 Biodiversity and ecosystem characteristics ........................................................... 215
8.4 Drivers and pressures............................................................................................ 217
8.5 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies ................................... 223
8.6 Insights from indigenous and local knowledge ...................................................... 224
8.7 References ........................................................................................................... 227
9. Disko Bay ........................................................................................................................ 229
9.1 Setting the scene .................................................................................................. 229
9.2 Key Ecosystem Services in Disko Bay .................................................................... 231
9.3 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Characteristics in Disko Bay ....................................... 234
9.4 Direct and indirect drivers of change ..................................................................... 238
9.5 Governance of ecosystem services and influencing policies ................................... 241
9.6 Insight from indigenous and local knowledge ........................................................ 243
9.7 References ........................................................................................................... 248
10. Iceland ............................................................................................................................ 251
10.1 Gendered Landscapes of Northern Icelandic Coasts and Rural Areas .................... 252
10.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 253
10.3 “We’re not the Enemies of the Seal”: Seal Hunters of Iceland ................................ 266
10.4 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 290
10.5 References and further reading ............................................................................. 292
Sammanfattning ................................................................................................................... 293
Annex ................................................................................................................................... 295
List of editors, co-chairs, authors and reviewers............................................................... 295
Volume 2 Geographical case studies ................................................................................ 296
Reviewer – Volume 2 Geographical case studies .............................................................. 299
Steering group ................................................................................................................ 299
Foreword
This study has been inspired by the methods and procedures from the
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
(IPBES), to assess and compare information on biodiversity and ecosystem services in
Nordic coastal ecosystems. A synthesis is provided in a Summary for Policy Makers
(http://www.naturvardsverket.se/978-91-620-8799-9). The project is a collaboration
between Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Faroe Islands, Greenland
and Åland. The Nordic Council of Ministers financially supported the project.
This report describes the status and trends of biodiversity, and ecosystem services
in the Nordic region, the drivers and pressures affecting them, interactions and effects
on people and society, and options for governance. The main report consists of two
volumes. Volume 1 The general overview and Volume 2 The geographical case studies.
Sweden, May 2018
Andrea Belgrano
Editor Volume 1
Gunilla Ejdung
Project leader
Håkan Tunón
Editor Volume 2