Biodiversity and Biomedicine: Our Future

571 Pages·2020·27.431 MB·English

by  Munir Ozturk (editor), Dilfuza Egamberdieva (editor), Milica Pešić (editor)

Biodiversity and Biomedicine
Our Future
Biodiversity and
Biomedicine
Our Future
Edited by
Munir Ozturk
Professor Emeritus, Botany Department & Centre for Environmental Studies, Ege University,
Izmir, Turkey
Dilfuza Egamberdieva
Associate Professor, Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and
Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
Milica Pesˇic´
Principal Research Fellow, Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research
“Sinisˇa Stankovic´”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Contents
Listofcontributors xv 3. Harnessing the potential of plant
Foreword xix biodiversity in health and medicine:
Preface xxi opportunities and challenges 43
Acknowledgment xxiii
NawrajRummun,JohnH.Malone,Orakanoke
Phanraksa,AlexanderKagansky,Mari-VaughnV.
1. Plant microbiome: source for
Johnson*andVidushiS.Neergheen
biologically active compounds 1
3.1 Introduction 43
DilfuzaEgamberdievaandDilfuzaJabborova
3.2 Medicinalplants—ahistoricalperspective
1.1 Introduction 1 tocontemporaryuses 44
1.2 Diversityofendophyticbacteria 2 3.3 Currentstatusofhigherplantsindrug
1.3 Biologicalactivityofendophyticmicrobes 4 discovery 44
1.4 Conclusions 6 3.4 Newprospectsindrugdiscoveryfrom
References 6 plants 45
3.5 Currentcontextofbarriers 46
2. Chemodiversity in natural plant 3.6 Conclusion:approachestocircumventing
populations as a base for biodiversity thebarriersandchallenges 47
conservation 11 Acknowledgements 47
Disclaimer 47
ZoricaPopovic´,RadaMatic´,MilenaStefanovic´, Funding 47
VeraVidakovic´ andSrđanBojovic´ References 47
2.1 Biodiversity 11
4. Biomining fungal endophytes from
2.2 Biodiversityindicators 12
2.3 Biodiversityandbiogeography 12 tropical plants and seaweeds for
2.4 Importanceofpopulationsfor drug discovery 51
biodiversity 12
ThomasEdisonE.delaCruz,KinIsraelR.Notarte,
2.5 Biodiversityandchemodiversity 13
CarloChrisS.Apurillo,KustiariyahTarmanand
2.6 Plantchemodiversity 13
MelfeiE.Bungihan
2.7 Chemodiversity—analyticalapproaches 13
2.8 Bioprospecting 13 4.1 Introduction 51
2.9 Plantbiodiversityandbiomedicine 14 4.2 Endophyticfungifromterrestrialplants 52
2.10 Targetedplantstudiesinthediscoveryof 4.3 EndophyticfungifromthePandanaceae 53
potentialnewdrugcandidates 14 4.4 Endophyticfungifromestuarineandmarine
2.11 BalkanPeninsula—geographicand plants 54
biologicaldiversity 14 4.5 Endophyticfungifromseaweeds 57
2.12 Researchonplantpopulation 4.6 Emergingtechniquesforoptimizingthe
chemodiversityintheBalkans 15 metabolicpotentialoffungalendophytes 58
2.13 Biomedicalimportanceofpopulation 4.7 Concludingremarks 59
chemodiversityresearch 15 4.8 Acknowledgments 59
2.14 Chemodiversityasabaseforbiodiversity References 60
conservation 29 Furtherreading 62
References 34
v
vi Contents
5. Biomedicine developments based on 7.2.2 Amphibianspeciesaroundus:hidden
marine biodiversity: present and producersofvaluablecompounds 108
future 63 7.3 Reptiles 114
7.3.1 Snakevenoms 114
RigersBakiu 7.4 Whyisitimportanttomaintainthesewild
speciesviable? 117
5.1 Marinebiodiversity 63
Acknowledgments 117
5.2 Threatstobiodiversity 65
References 117
5.3 Marinebiomedicine 66
5.4 Conclusions 72
8. Human genetic diversity in health
References 73
and disease 123
6. Superbugs, silver bullets, and new AleksandraDivacRankovandMilaLjujic
battlefields 81
8.1 Geneticdiversityinhumans 123
8.2 Epigeneticdiversityinhumans 125
MuhammadIbrahimRashid,ParkhaTariq,Habiba
8.3 Translationalpotentialofhumangenetic
Rashid,ZainabAli,SaadiaAndleeb,AlvinaGul,
andepigeneticdiversity 128
MunirOzturkandVolkanAltay
References 131
6.1 Introduction 81
6.2 Antibioticsandresistance 81 9. Potential for cancer treatment:
6.3 Drugresistanceandtolerance 83
natural products from the Balkans 137
6.4 Biofilmsandresistance 84
6.4.1 Biofilmandsuperbugs 85 JelenaDinic´,MiroslavNovakovic´ and
6.4.2 Biofilmonindwellingmedical MilicaPesˇic´
devices 86
9.1 Introduction 137
6.5 SpreadofResistance 86
9.2 GenusAlnus 138
6.5.1 ToolsandMechanisms 86
9.2.1 Alnusincana(L.)Moench 138
6.6 Bacterialsocialinteractions’influenceon
9.2.2 Alnusglutinosa(L.)Gaertn 139
drugresistance 87
9.2.3 Alnusviridis(Chaix)DC 139
6.6.1 Bacterialpersistence 87
9.3 GenusEuphorbia 139
6.6.2 Bacterialpopulationdynamics 88
9.3.1 EuphorbiadendroidesL 140
6.7 Alternativetherapeuticapproaches 88
9.3.2 EuphorbiaesulaL 140
6.7.1 Identificationofnewtargets 88
9.3.3 EuphorbianicaeensisAll 140
6.7.2 Bacteriophagecocktails 89
9.3.4 EuphorbiapeplusL 141
6.7.3 Phagelysinenzymes 91
9.3.5 EuphorbiapalustrisL 142
6.7.4 Vaccines 92
9.3.6 EuphorbiaplatyphyllosL 142
6.7.5 Antimicrobialnanoparticles 93
9.3.7 EuphorbiasalicifoliaHost 142
6.7.6 Thinkingoutsidethebox 93
9.3.8 EuphorbiaserrulataThuill 142
6.8 Conclusion 94
9.3.9 EuphorbiataurinensisAll 142
References 94
9.3.10 EuphorbiavillosaW.etK 143
FurtherReading 106
9.4 GenusAchillea 143
9.4.1 AchilleaclavennaeL 143
7. The benefits of active substances in
9.4.2 AchilleamillefoliumL 144
amphibians and reptiles and the
9.5 Othergenera 144
jeopardy of losing those species
9.5.1 GenusSideritisL 144
forever 107 9.5.2 GenusLaserpitiumL 144
9.5.3 GenusDigitalisL 144
JelkaCrnobrnja-Isailovic´,BogdanJovanovic´,
9.5.4 GenusMicromeriaBenth 145
TijanaCˇubric´,JelenaC´orovic´ and
9.5.5 GenusNepetaL 145
KristinaGopcˇevic´
9.5.6 GenusTeucriumL 146
7.1 Introduction 107 9.5.7 GenusSalviaL 146
7.2 Amphibians 107 9.5.8 GenusHelichrysumMill 147
7.2.1 Secretionsoftheanuranskin 108 9.6 DivisionMarchantiophyta 147
Contents vii
9.6.1 MarchantiapolymorphaL 147 11.4.1 Acacianilotica(babul) 191
9.6.2 Conocephalumconicum(L.)Dum 148 11.4.2 Achilleamillefolium(yarrow) 191
9.7 Traditionalmedicinalusesofplantsfrom 11.4.3 Achyranthesaspera(Prickly
theBalkans 149 ChaffFlower) 192
9.8 Conclusions 150 11.4.4 Aeglemarmelos(bael) 192
References 150 11.4.5 Agrimoniapilosa(hairy
agrimony) 192
10. Biodiversity of wild fruits with 11.4.6 Anagallisarvensis(scarlet
medicinal potential in Serbia 161 pimpernel) 192
11.4.7 Andrographispaniculata(kingof
ZoricaPopovic´,RadaMatic´,MilenaStefanovic´, bitters) 193
VeraVidakovic´ andSrđanBojovic´ 11.4.8 Aphanamixispolystacha
10.1 Wildfruits 161 (rohituka) 193
10.2 Naturalfunctionalfood 161 11.4.9 Arisaeamajacquemontii
10.3 Preventivenutritionandbiomedicine 161 (Jacquemont’sCobraLily) 193
10.4 WildfruitsinSerbia 162 11.4.10 Asparagusfilicinus(fern
10.5 Biologicallyactivenaturalcompounds 163 asparagus) 193
10.6 Biomedicalsignificanceofwildfruits 163 11.4.11 Bacopamonnieri(pennell) 193
11.4.12 Berberisvulgaris(European
10.6.1 Antioxidantandantiradical
barberry) 193
activity 163
10.6.2 Protectiveeffect 182 11.4.13 Cannabissativa(marijuana) 193
10.6.3 Againstdisease-causing 11.4.14 Castaneasativa(chestnut) 194
11.4.15 Centellaasiatica(asiatic
organisms 183
pennywort) 194
10.6.4 Againstmetabolicdisorders 184
11.4.16 Cichoriumintybus(coffeeweed) 194
10.6.5 Activityincellgrowthand
11.4.17 Cimicifugafoetida(foetid
development 184
bugbane) 194
10.6.6 Antiinflammatoryactivity 184
11.4.18 Coriandrumsativum(coriander) 195
10.6.7 Antitumorandanticancer
activities 185 11.4.19 Crataegusspecies(hawthorn) 195
10.6.8 Neuralandpsychoticactivities 185 11.4.20 Curcumalonga(turmeric) 195
11.4.21 Cuscutareflexa(dodder) 196
10.6.9 Enzymeinhibitoryactivity 185
11.4.22 Cynodondactylon(Bermuda
10.6.10 Againstcardiovasculardisorders 185
grass) 196
10.6.11 Immunomodulatoryactivity 186
11.4.23 Elaeagnusangustifolia(Russian
10.6.12 Againstgastrointestinaldisorders 186
olive) 196
10.6.13 Againstage-relateddisorders 186
11.4.24 Euphorbiahelioscopia(sun
10.6.14 Againstgeneralhealthdisorders 186
10.6.15 Againstreproductivesystem spurge) 196
disorders 186 11.4.25 Euphorbiatirucalli(firesticks) 197
10.7 Specieswithapronouncedbiomedical 11.4.26 Mangiferaindica(mango) 197
potential 186 11.4.27 Matricariachamomilla(German
References 187 chamomile) 197
11.4.28 Momordicacharantia(bitter
melon) 197
11. Botanicals from the Himalayas with
11.4.29 Narcissustazetta(bunchflower
anticancer potential: an emphasis on
daffodil) 198
the Kashmir Himalayas 189
11.4.30 Oroxylumindicum(Indiacaper) 198
11.4.31 Oxaliscorniculata(creeping
KhalidZ.Masoodi,InshaAmin,SheikhMansoor,
woodsorrel) 198
NazeerAhmed,VolkanAltayandMunirOzturk
11.4.32 Paeoniaemodi(Himalayan
11.1 Introduction 189 peony) 198
11.2 Geographicalandclimaticfeatures 190 11.4.33 Persicariahydropiper(syn.:
11.3 Anoverviewoftheplantdiversity 190 Polygonumhydropiper)(water
11.4 Importantpotentialanticancerwild pepper) 198
plants 191 11.4.34 Pinusspecies(pines) 198
viii Contents
11.4.35 Plectranthusspecies(coleus) 199 11.5.18 Helianthusannuus(sunflower) 208
11.4.36 Plumbagozeylanica(Ceylon 11.5.19 Helianthustuberosus(artichoke) 208
leadwort) 199 11.5.20 Hordeumvulgare(barley) 209
11.4.37 Portulacaoleracea(common 11.5.21 Ipomoeabatatas(sweetpotato) 209
purslane) 199 11.5.22 Lagenariasiceraria(calabashor
11.4.38 Potentillaspecies(cinquefoil) 199 white-floweredgourd) 209
11.4.39 Prangospabularia(prangos) 200 11.5.23 Linumusitatissimum(linseed) 209
11.4.40 Rheumwebbianum(rhubarb) 200 11.5.24 Malusdomestica(apple) 210
11.4.41 Rhodiolaimbricata(goldenroot) 200 11.5.25 Nigellasativa(blackcumin) 210
11.4.42 Saxifragastolonifera(strawberry 11.5.26 Ocimumbasilicum(basil) 210
saxifrage) 200 11.5.27 Oryzasativa(rice) 211
11.4.43 Sidacordifolia(bala) 200 11.5.28 Panicummiliaceum(finger
11.4.44 Silybummarianum(milkthistle) 201 millet) 211
11.4.45 Sinopodophyllumhexandrum 11.5.29 Phaseolusvulgaris(bean) 211
(syn.:Podophyllumemodi) 11.5.30 Phyllanthusemblica(amla) 212
(Himalayanmayapple) 201 11.5.31 Piperbetle(betelvine) 212
11.4.46 Solanumnigrum(Europeanblack 11.5.32 Pipernigrum(blackpepper) 212
nightshade) 201 11.5.33 Pisumsativum(pea) 213
11.4.47 Stellariamedia(chickweed) 201 11.5.34 Prunusdulcis(almond) 213
11.4.48 Syzygiumcumini(jamun) 202 11.5.35 Raphanusraphanistrumssp.
11.4.49 Tabernaemontanadivaricata sativus(radish) 213
(crapejasmine) 202 11.5.36 Secalecereal(rye) 213
11.4.50 Terminaliaarjuna(arjuna) 202 11.5.37 Sesamumindicum(sesame) 213
11.4.51 Tribulusterrestris(goat’shead) 202 11.5.38 Solanumlycopersicum(tomato) 214
11.4.52 Trilliumgovanianum 11.5.39 Solanummelongena(brinjal) 214
(nagchhatri) 203 11.5.40 Solanumtuberosum(potato) 214
11.4.53 Ulmuswallichiana(elm) 203 11.5.41 Sorghumspecies(sorghum) 214
11.4.54 Verbenaofficinalis(common 11.5.42 Trigonellafoenum-graecum
verbena) 203 (fenugreek) 215
11.4.55 Viscumalbum(mistletoe) 203 11.5.43 Triticumspecies(wheat) 215
11.4.56 Zanthoxylumarmatum(winged 11.5.44 Vignaunguiculata(cowpea) 215
pricklyash) 203 11.5.45 Vitisvinifera(grapes) 215
11.4.57 Ziziphusmauritiana(Indian 11.5.46 Withaniasomnifera
jujube) 204 (ashwagandha) 216
11.5 Importantpotentialanticancercultivated 11.5.47 Zeamays(maize) 216
plants 204 11.5.48 Zingiberofficinale(ginger) 216
11.5.1 Abelmoschusesculentus(okra) 204 11.6 Importantpotentialanticancerexotic
11.5.2 Alliumsativum(garlic) 204 plants 216
11.5.3 Arachishypogaea(peanut) 204 11.6.1 Calendulaofficinalis(marigold) 216
11.5.4 Armoraciarusticana(Japanese 11.6.2 Eucalyptusspecies(gumtree) 217
horseradish) 205 11.6.3 Robiniapseudoacacia(black
11.5.5 Avenasativa(oats) 205 locust) 217
11.5.6 Brassicajuncea(mustard) 205 11.6.4 Sambucusnigra(elder) 217
11.5.7 Brassicanapus(rapeseed) 205 11.7 Otheralternativeplants 217
11.5.8 Brassicaoleracea(cabbage) 206 11.8 Conclusions 218
11.5.9 Brassicarapassp.rapa(turnip) 206 References 218
11.5.10 Camelliasinensis(greentea) 206
11.5.11 Capsicumannum(pepper) 206 12. Diversity and bioprospect significance
11.5.12 Crocussativus(saffron) 207 of macrofungi in the scrub jungles of
11.5.13 Cucurbitapepo(pumpkin) 207 southwest India 235
11.5.14 Daucuscarotassp.sativus
HosamaneRameshDattaraj,KandikereRamaiah
(blackcarrot) 207
SridharandBijavaraRamakrishnappaJagadish
11.5.15 Foeniculumvulgare(fennel) 207
11.5.16 Fragariaananassa(strawberry) 208 12.1 Introduction 235
11.5.17 Glycinemax(soyabean) 208 12.2 Studyarea 235
Contents ix
12.3 Surveyanddataanalysis 236 14.7 Structure(cid:1)functionrelationofanticancer
12.4 Richness,diversity,andsurveyinterval 236 compoundsisolatedfrommarine
12.5 Coregroupfungi 237 macroalgae 266
12.6 Substratepreference 237 14.8 Inhibitionofcarcinogenicfactors 266
12.7 Noteworthyfungi 240 14.9 Impactofphysicalandenvironmental
12.8 Conclusions 242 factorsonanticanceractivities 268
Acknowledgments 245 14.10 Prospectiveforanticancerresearchin
References 245 seaweeds 268
14.11 Conclusion 269
References 270
13. Mushroom and plant extracts as
potential intervention supplements in
15. Insights into the bioactive compounds
diabetes management 247 of endophytic fungi in mangroves 277
AleksandraUskokovic´,JelenaArambasˇic´ Jovanovic´, TuanNoraidaTuanHamzah,MunirOzturk,
SvetlanaDinic´,MelitaVidakovic´,Mirjana VolkanAltayandKhalidRehmanHakeem
Mihailovic´,GoranPoznanovic´ andNevenaGrdovic´
15.1 Introduction 277
13.1 Introduction 247
15.2 Endophyticfungicolonizationinmarine
13.2 Theeffectofhyperglycemiaincells 248
environment 278
13.3 Oxidativestressindiabetes 249 15.3 Mangroveendophyticfungi 279
13.4 Mushroomandplantextractsinthe 15.4 Distributionofmangroveendophytic
treatmentofdiabetes 249
fungi 279
13.4.1 CentauriumerythraeaRafn 249 15.5 Factorsinfluencingtheendophytic
13.4.2 Castaneasativa 250 fungaldistribution 279
13.4.3 β-Glucan-enrichedcerealgrain 15.6 Environmentalcondition 279
extracts 251
15.6.1 Season 280
13.4.4 Lactariusdeterrimus 252
15.6.2 Hostplantfactors 280
Acknowledgments 254
15.6.3 Variationamongdifferentplant
References 254
parts 280
15.6.4 Crownheightandcanopycover 280
15.7 Mangroveendophyticfungiareagreat
14. Anticancer activities of marine
sourceofnovelbioactivecompounds 281
macroalgae: status and future
15.8 In-depthstudyofmangroveendophytic
perspectives 257
fungibioactivities 281
ArvindGopeechund,RanjeetBhagooli,Vidushi 15.8.1 Antimicrobial,antifungal,
ShradhaNeergheen,JohnJ.BoltonandTheeshan antiviral,andantimalarial
Bahorun activities 281
15.8.2 Anticancerandcytotoxic
14.1 Introduction 257
activities 283
14.2 Statusofreportedanticancer
15.8.3 Therapeuticagentsfor
activitiesofmarinemacroalgae 260
Alzheimer’sdisease 283
14.3 Cytotoxic,antiproliferative,andgrowth
15.8.4 Antidiabeticactivity 284
inhibitoryactivitiesofmarine
15.8.5 Antioxidantactivity 284
macroalgae 260
15.9 Productionofenzymes 285
14.3.1 Invitroantitumoractivitiesof
15.10 Heavymetaltolerantproperty 285
marinemacroalgae 264
15.11 Biocontrolagent 286
14.3.2 Invivoantiproliferativeand
Conclusions 286
cytotoxicactivities 264
References 287
14.3.3 Inducedprogrammedcell
deathbymacroalgae 265
16. Essential oil of mint: current
14.4 Antiangiogenicactivityofmarine
understanding and future
macroalgae 265
prospects 293
14.5 Antiinvasiveandantimetastatic
activityofmarinemacroalgae 266 MohammadAfaanFazili,AsimMasood,
14.6 Clinicaltrials 266 AbdulHamidWaniandNafeesA.Khan
x Contents
16.1 Introduction 293 17.4.2 AntimicrobialstudybySiddiqui
16.2 Mintcultivation 294 andcoworkers 311
16.2.1 Diseaseandpestcontrol 17.4.3 AntimicrobialstudybySiddiqui
managementinmint 294 andcoworkers 311
16.3 Mintoil 295 17.4.4 Antimicrobialstudyby
16.3.1 Roleofglandulartrichomesin Chianeseandcoworkers 311
synthesisofessentialoilofmint 295 17.5 Conclusions 315
16.4 Usesofmenthol 295 Acknowledgments 315
16.4.1 Asourceofbiofuel 296 References 315
16.4.2 Antioxidantandantiinflammatory
features 296 18. Advancements in plant transgenomics
16.4.3 Antibacterial,antimicrobial,and approach for the biopharmaceutics
cytotoxicactivities 296 and vaccines production 317
16.5 Elicitorsinmintproduction:acasestudy 296
FariaKhan,RafalSzmigielski,AlvinaGul,
16.5.1 Sodiumalginate 297
VolkanAltayandMunirOzturk
16.5.2 Growthparameters 298
16.5.3 Physiologicalandbiochemical 18.1 Introduction 317
parameters 299 18.2 Transgenicplantsinbiopharmaceuticals 318
16.5.4 Yieldandqualityparameters 300 18.2.1 Selectionofaplantmodeland
Conclusions 300 productionspecies 319
References 301 18.2.2 Expressionsystem 320
18.2.3 Transgenelocation 321
18.2.4 Humanizationofglycan
17. Azadirachta indica: the medicinal
structuresinproducts 322
properties of the global 18.2.5 Optimizationandsecretionof
problems-solving tree 305 proteinofinterest 322
18.2.6 Purity,qualitycontrol,andsafety
GhulamAbbas,MuhammadAli,AhmadHamaed,
standardtested 322
MohammedAl-Sibani,HidayatHussainand
18.2.7 Releaseandagricultural-scale
AhmedAl-Harrasi
cultivationoftransgenicplants 323
17.1 Introduction 305 18.3 Transgenicplantsinvaccine
17.2 AnticancerpropertiesofA.indica development 323
(neemtree) 306 18.3.1 Plantsforvaccineexpression 323
17.2.1 AnticancerstudybyKigodiand 18.3.2 Subunitvaccines 325
coworkers 306 18.3.3 Ediblevaccines 326
17.2.2 AnticancerstudybyKikuchiand 18.3.4 Chloroplast-basedvaccines 326
coworkers 307 18.4 Planttransgenomics:awayforward 327
17.2.3 AnticancerstudybyGualtieriand 18.5 Conclusions 328
coworkers 307 References 329
17.2.4 AnticancerstudybyKashifand
coworkers 308 19. Secondary metabolites from
17.3 AntidiabeticpropertiesofA.indica endangered Gentiana, Gentianella,
(neemtree) 309 Centaurium, and Swertia species
17.3.1 AntidiabeticstudybyPonnusamy (Gentianaceae): promising natural
andcoworkers 309 biotherapeutics 335
17.3.2 Antidiabeticstudyby
GordanaTovilovic-Kovacevic,NevenaZogovicand
Perez-Gutierrezandcoworkers 310
DijanaKrstic-Milosevic
17.3.3 Antidiabeticstudyby
Satyanarayanaandcoworkers 310 19.1 Introduction 335
17.4 AntimicrobialpropertiesofA.indica 19.2 Secondarymetabolites 335
(neemtree) 311
19.2.1 Terpenoids 336
17.4.1 AntimicrobialstudybySiddiqui
19.2.2 Phenolics 336
andcoworkers 311 19.3 Gentianaceae 343