Biodiversity: An Ecological Perspective PDF
Preview Biodiversity: An Ecological Perspective
Biodiversity Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC Takuya Abe Simon A. Levin Masahiko Higashi Editors Biodiversity An Ecological Perspective With 75 figures , Springer TakuyaAbe Simon A. Levin Center for Ecological Research Department of Ecology and Kyoto University Evolutionary Biology 4-1-23 Shimosakamoto Princeton University Otsu 520-01 Princeton, NJ 08544-1003 Japan USA Masahiko Higashi Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto606 Japan Cover: Biomass size spectra for oceans and lakes. See page 205. From Verh. int Ver. Lim noI. 23:234-240, used by pennission ofE. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biodiversity: an ecological perspective I [edited by] Takuya Abe, Simon A. Levin, Masahiko Higashi. p. cm. Papers from a conference held in Kyoto in December 1993. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4612-7334-9 ISBN 978-1-4612-1906-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-1906-4 1. Biological diversity--Congresses. 2. Biotic communities-- Congresses. 1. Abe, Takuya, 1945- II. Levin, Simon A. m. Higashi, M. (Masahiko) QH541.15.B56B56 1996 574.5-dc20 96-13589 Printed on acid-frec paper. @ 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Ioc.in 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1997 Ali rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Production coordinated by Carlson Co. and managed by Francine McNeill; manufacturing supervised by Jeffrey Taub. Typeset by Carlson Co., Yellow Springs, OH, from the authors' electronic files. 987654321 ISBN 978-1-4612-7334-9 Preface Biodiversity is and will remain an issue of pressing global concern. The more we know about how changes in biodiversity might affect ecosystem processes, com munity structure, and population dynamics, the more clearly we understand why and what kind of biodiversity we should conserve. Reciprocally, the more we know about how ecological processes and mechanisms affect the creation and maintenance of biodiversity, the more clearly we understand how we can con serve and even recover biodiversity. Thus, basic understanding of the ecological causes and consequences of changes in biodiversity provides a critical perspective on the applied challenges. The main purpose of the volume is to present an ecological perspective on bio diversity by examining its two facets, the ecological causes and consequences of biodiversity changes. The book extends its scope to cover the linkage between sci ence and management issues, again from an ecological perspective. This volume commemorates the awarding of the 1993 International Prize for Biology to Professor Edward O. Wilson. He provides the introductory chapter for the volume and the focus for the other presentations. We hope this volume leads to a new stage of biodiversity research, which Ed Wilson pioneered, and will serve as a suitable tribute to him. T. ABE, S.A. LEVIN, AND M. HIGASHI v Acknowledgments This book grew from an international symposium entitled "Ecological Perspective of Biodiversity ," held in December 1993 at Kyoto. It was sponsored by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the Japan Ministry of Education, Sci ence, and Culture, whose generous support made possible the symposium on which this volume is based. We would like to thank the organizing committee (chaired by Professor Hiroya Kawanabe) for providing a wonderful opportunity to discuss this issue of compelling current importance. All chapters in this volume have been peer reviewed and reflect a sampling of what was presented at the meeting. We would like to extend our gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their help and cooperation. Last, but not least, is the debt we owe to our wives and families for their understanding and support. vii Contents Preface v Acknowledgments vii Contributors xi Introduction EDWARD O. WILSON I. Ecological Causes of Biodiversity 1. Biogeographic Patterns of Avian Diversity in Australia 9 J. KlKKAWA 2. The Role of Architecture in Enhancing Plant Species Diversity 21 T.KOHYAMA 3. Species Coexistence and Abundance: Patterns and Processes 35 M. TOKESHI II. Evolutionary Causes of Biodiversity 4. Extinction and the Evolutionary Process 59 N.ELDREDGE 5. Diversity and Evolution of Symbiotic Interactions 75 N. YAMAMURA 6. Global Diversification of Termites Driven by the Evolution of Symbiosis and Sociality 83 M. HIGASHI AND T. ABE III. Biodiversity and Ecological Complexity 7. Plant-Mediated Interactions Between Herbivorous Insects 115 T.OHGUSHI 8. Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles with Multifunctional Effects in Ecosystems: A Complex. Pattern of Biotic Interactions 131 J. TAKABAYASHI AND M. DICKE 9. How a Butterfly Copes with the Problem of Biological Diversity 147 D.R. PAPAl ix x Contents IV. Biodiversity and Ecological Function 10. Successional Development, Energetics, and Diversity in Planktonic Communities 167 C.S. REYNOLDS 11. Food Web Structure and Biodiversity in Lake Ecosystems 203 K. KAWABATA AND M. NAK.ANISHI 12. The Role of Species in Ecosystems: Aspects of Ecological Complexity and Biological Diversity 215 l.R.LAWTON v. Management for Biodiversity Conservation 13. Sources and Management of Biodiversity in the Russian Far East 231 Y.N. ZHURAVLEV 14. Singapore: A Case Study for Tropical Rain Forest Fragmentation and Biodiversity Loss 249 I.M. TuRNER 15. Management of Biodiversity in Aquatic Ecosystems: Dynamic Aspects of Habitat Complexity in Stream Ecosystems 259 Y. TAKEMON Conclusion 16. Biodiversity: Interfacing Populations and Ecosystems 277 S.A.LEVIN Index 289 Contributors TAKUYA ABE Center for Ecological Research. Kyoto University. Otsu 520-01. Japan MARCEL DICKE Department of Entomology. Wageningen Agricultural Univer sity. P.O. Box 8031. 6700EH. Wageningen. The Netherlands NILES ELDREDGE American Museum of Natural History. Central Park West at 79th St.. New York. NY 10024-5192. USA MASAHIKO HIGASHI Center for Ecological Research. Kyoto University. Kyoto 606. Japan KEUCHI KAW ABA 'I A Faculty of Education. Kanazawa University. Kanazawa 920-11. Japan JIRO KIKKA W A Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management (CRE-TREM) and Department of Zoology. The University of Queensland. Brisbane. Queensland 4072. Australia T AKASHI KoHY AMA Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science. Hokkaido Uni versity. Sapporo 060. Japan JOHN H. LA WfON NERC Centre for Population Biology. Imperial College. Silwood Park. Ascot. Berkshire SL5 7PY. UK SIMON A. LEVIN Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Princeton University. Princeton. NJ 08544-1003. USA MASAMI NAKANISHI Center for Ecological Research. Kyoto University. Otsu 520-01. Japan TAKA YUKI OHGUSHI Institute of Low Temperature Science. Hokkaido University. Sapporo 060. Japan xi xii Contributors DANIEL R. PAPAl Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA COLIN S. REYNOLDS Freshwater Biological Association, NERC Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Ambleside, Cumbrea LA 220LP, UK JUNJI TAKABAYASHI Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan YA SUHIRO T AKEMON Department of Life Sciences, University of Osaka Prefecture, Sakai 593, Japan MUTSUNORI TOKESHI School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary and Westfield Col lege, University of London, Mile End Rd., London El 4NS, UK IAN M. TURNER Department of Botany, National University of Singapore, Singa pore 119260 EDWARD O. WILSON The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA NORIO YAMAMURA Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan YURI N. ZHURA VLEV Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
The list of books you might like
