Biodeterioration of Stone Surfaces: Lichens and Biofilms as Weathering Agents of Rocks and Cultural Heritage PDF
Preview Biodeterioration of Stone Surfaces: Lichens and Biofilms as Weathering Agents of Rocks and Cultural Heritage
Biodeterioration of Stone Surfaces Biodeterioration of Stone Surfaces Lichens and Biofilms as Weathering Agents of Rocks and Cultural Heritage Edited by Larry L. St.Clair aod Mark R.D. Seaward SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-6724-1 ISBN 978-1-4020-2845-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-2845-8 Cover picture: Limestone sculpture, University of Caracas, by F. Narvaez showing lichen and cyanobacterial disfiguration about 40 years after its installation. (Photo: Marisa Tabasso) Printed on acidjree paper All Rights Reserved © 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwcr Acad..,'lnic Publishers in 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2004 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Dedication To Rieta and Vanessa Contents Dedication v Contributing Authors IX Preface Xlll Acknowledgments XV Caption for Image on Book Cover XVll Chapter 1 Biodeterioration of Rock Substrata by Lichens: Progress and Problems LARRYL. ST. CLAIRANDMARKR.D. SEAWARD 1 Chapter 2 Lichens as Subversive Agents ofBiodeterioration MARKR.D. SEAWARD 9 Chapter 3 Limestone Stabilization Studies at a Maya Site in Belize WILLIAM S. GINELL AND RAKESH KUMAR 19 Chapter 4 Lichens and the Biodeterioration of Stonework: The Italian Experience ROSANNA PIERVITTORI 45 Chapter 5 Deteriorative Effects of Lichens on Granite Monuments BENITA SILVAANDB. PRIETO 69 vii viii Chapter 6 Microbial Biofilms on Carbonate Rocks from a Quarry and Monuments in Novelda (Alicante, Spain) CARMEN ASCASO, M.A. GARCIA DEL CURA AND ASUNCION DE Los Rios 79 Chapter 7 Lichens on Wyoming Sandstone: Do They Cause Damage? GIACOMO CHIARI AND ROBERTO COSSIO 99 Chapter 8 Lichen Encroachment onto Rock Art in Eastern Wyoming: Conservation Problems and Prospects for Treatment CONSTANCE S.SILVERAND RICHARD WOLBERS 115 Chapter 9 Lichen Biodeterioration at Inscription Rock, El Morro National Monument, Ramah, New Mexico, USA KATHRYN B. KNIGHT, LARRY L. ST. CLAIR AND JOHN S. GARDNER 129 Chapter 10 Lichens of Different Mortars at Archaeological Sites in Southern Spain: An Overview x. ARINO AND C. SAIZ-JIMENEZ 165 Chapter 11 Observations on Lichens Growing on Artifacts in the Indian Subcontinent S. SAXENA, D.K UPRETI, AlAY SINGH AND K.P. SINGH 181 Chapter 12 Biodeterioration of Prehistoric Rock Art and Issues in Site Preservation ALICE M. TRAT EBAS 195 Chapter 13 Raman Spectroscopy of Rock Biodeterioration by the Lichen Lecidea tessellata FlOrke in a Desert Environment, Utah, USA HOWELL G.M. EDWARDS, SUSANA E. JORGE VILLAR, MARK R.D. SEAWARD AND LARRY L. ST. CLAIR 229 Chapter 14 Lichens and Monuments: An Analytical Bibliography ROSANNA PIERVITTORI, ORNELLA SALV A DORI AND MARK R.D. SEAWARD 241 Index 283 Contributing Authors Xavier Arino Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, CSIC, Apartado 1052,41080 Sevilla, Spain, Email: [email protected] Carmen Ascaso Departamento de Biologia Ambiental y Servicio de Microscopia Electr6nica, Centro de Ciencias Mediambientales CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Email: [email protected] Giacomo Chiari Getty Conservation Institute 1200 Getty Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90049, USA, Email: [email protected] Roberto Cossio Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Via Valperga Caluso 35 -n0125 Torino, Italy, Email: roberto.cossio@ unito.it Asuncion de los Rios Departamento de Biologia Ambiental y Servicio de Microscopia Electr6nica, Centro de Ciencias Mediambientales CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain, Email: [email protected] M.A. Garcia del Cura Instituto de Geologia Econ6mica CSIC-UCM and Laboratorio de Petrologia Aplicada, Unidad Asociada CSIC -UA, Alicante, Spain Howell G. M. Edwards Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 !DP, UK, Email: [email protected] ix x John S. Gardner Department of Integrative Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA, Email: John _ [email protected] William S. GinelI Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90049, USA Email: [email protected] Kathryn B. Knight Department of Integrative Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA, Email: [email protected] Rakesh Kumar Specialty Coatings Company, 2238 Williams Glen Blvd. Zionsville, IN 46077 Rosanna Piervittori Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Universitit di Torino viale Mattioli 25, 1-10125 Torino, Italy, Email: [email protected] Beatriz Prieto Departamento Edafologia y Quimica Agricola, Facultad Farmacia, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain, Email: [email protected] Cesareo Saiz-lirnenez Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, CSIC, Apartado 1052,41080 Sevilla, Spain OmelIa Salvadori Soprintendenza Speciale per il Polo Museuale Veneziano-Laboratorio Scientifico, Cannaregio 3553,1-30131 Venice, Italy S. Saxena Lichenology Laboratory, Plant Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Division National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-I, India Mark R.D. Seaward Department of Enviromnental Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 !DP, UK, Email: [email protected] Benita Silva Departamento Edafologia y Quimica Agricola, Facultad Farmacia, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain, Email: [email protected] xi Constance S. Silver Preservar, Inc. 310 Riverside Dr. New York, NY 10025, USA, Email: [email protected] Ajay Singh Lichenology Laboratory, Plant Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Division National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-I, India Krishna P. Singh Botanical Survey of India, Central Circle, 10 Chetham Lines, Allahabad, India Larry L. St. Clair Department of Integrative Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 USA, Email: larry_ [email protected] Alice M. Tratebas Bureau of Land Management, 1101 Washington Blvd., Newcastle, WY 82701, USA, Email: Alice_ [email protected] Dalip K. Upreti Lichenology Laboratory, Plant Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Division National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-l, India, Email: [email protected] Susana E. Jorge Villar Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 IDP, UK (On leave from: Area de Geodinamica, Facultad de Humanidades y Educacion, University of Burgos, Calle Villadiego SIN, 09001, Burgos, Spain) Richard Wolbers Winterthur Museum Winterthur, DE 19735, Email: [email protected] Preface This is a timely volume in view of the considerable interest currently shown in the preservation of our cultural heritage, and the extensive and growing literature on the subject. Unfortunately, the latter is to be found in a wide variety of published sources, some aimed at a very specific readership and therefore not all that accessible to those who need this resource. The present volume draws together a spectrum of biodeterioration work from across the world to provide an overview of the materials examined and the methodologies employed to elucidate the nature of the problems, as well as an extensive and current bibliographical resource on lichen biodeterioration. Biodeterioration of historical and culturally important stone substrata is a complex problem to be addressed. Easy, risk-free solutions are simply not available to be dealt with by other than a wide range of expertise. Successful resolution of this issue will inevitably require a multidisciplinary effort, where biologists work in close cooperation with ecologists, geologists, geochemists, crystallographers, cultural property conservators, archaeologists, anthropologists, and historians in order to recommend the most effective management scheme. The advantage of this approach is obvious: multidisciplinary management teams with good leadership can ask more appropriate questions while developing much more thoughtful and informed decisions. The current volume is the first treatment of the subject of biodeterioration that includes a careful consideration of the role of the above mentioned disciplines. This combination of disciplines makes this book valuable not only as a solid scientific treatise, but equally important as a serious resource for evaluating both impact processes and preservation options related to biodeterioration of culturally significant rock substrata. In conclusion, it is hoped that this volume will provide not only background information, but also practical advice on the detection, measurement and control of lichens and biofilms on a wide range of cultural heritage, that will prove of value to historians, archaeologists and conservators, as well as specialist biologists. xiii
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