Biodegradable Poly (Lactic Acid): Synthesis, Modification, Processing and Applications

315 Pages·2011·23.79 MB·English

by  Jie Ren

Jie Ren
Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid): Synthesis, Modification,
Processing and Applications

Jie Ren
Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid):
Synthesis, Modification, Processing
and Applications
With 150 figures
I'M TSINGHI1A ~ Springer
~ UNIVERSITY PRESS
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About Author
Jie Ren Born in 1965, PhD, a professor
at the Institute of Nano and Bio
Polymeric Materials, Tongji University
in Shanghai. He holds the position of the
director of the institute and serves as a
council member of Chinese Materials
Research Society, a vice chairman of
Council of Degradable Plastic, China
Plastics Processing Industry Association,
an expert of new materials forecast
designated by Shanghai municipal
government, a member of Biological
Material Committee in Shanghai Society
of Biology and Medical Science, the
director of Degradable Materials Com
mittee in Shanghai Society of Advanced
Materials, an editor of "Plastics" and "Journal of Building Materials".
He has concentrated on the research of biodegradable material, controllable drug
delivery system and tissue engineering scaffold. In the field of biodegradable
material, the main projects he has undertaken include special project for
technological innovation of the 2010 Shanghai World Exposition, special project
for biomass engineering high-tech industrialization of National Development and
Reform Commission, project of the National High Technology Research and
Development Program of China (863 Program), Shanghai Key Scientific and
Technological Project, Shanghai Key Nano Science and Technology Project, and
some international cooperation projects( cooperated with Boeing.etc). His research
was supported by Program for New Century Excellent Talents in MOE of China
in 2005. In 2007 he was chosen to be one of the "Shanghai Subject Chief
Scientist" .
He has published a few monographs and more than 160 papers, including over
50 SCI papers which are cited over 300 times. He has achieved 42 China patents
and 1 US patents.
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Preface
Polymers with biodegradability and renewability have attracted much attention
due to the environmental concerns and sustainability issues associated with
petroleum-based polymers. At present the depletion of oil resources has been a
large concern all over the world and "white pollution" is becoming a serious
problem threatened the human health and the environment. Therefore, the low
carbon economy has been put on the agenda. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of
the most important environment-friendly biodegradable thermoplastic polyester
with extensive application. Because of its renewable resources, low toxicity and
its environment-friendly characteristics along with performance comparable with
many petroleum-based plastics, much attention has been paid for its use in
service ware, grocery, waste-compo sting bags, mulch films, ideal material for food
packaging, engineering platics and other consumer products.
This book is written for indicating the importance of PLA in material field.
The production and properties of lactic acid and the monomeric building block of
PLA are described in detail in this book; the synthesis and manufacture of PLA are
described, too. In addition, the book aims at introducing the recent developments
in preparation of the linear, graft or branch, star-shaped, and dendritic PLA
copolymers and the catalysts used in copolymerization. The processing of PLA,
such as injection, spinning, blowing, foaming, is also discussed. A variety of
products including bottles, fibers, film, and foam can be manufactured from PLA.
Furthermore, PLA can be applied in the field of medical industry used as tissue
engineering scaffold, controllable drug delivery system, and so on. The standard
and test methods of PLA are discussed in the end of the book.
Some my colleagues and doctoral candidates have taken part in the writing of this
book. These colleagues are professor Shuying Gu, associate professor Hua Yuan,
associate professor Tianbin Ren, Dr. Qingang Tan. And the doctoral candidates
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Dakai Chen, Jianbo Li, Yang Cao, Qinfeng Wang, Naiwen Zhang, Tao Yu, Minghao
Gu have also joined the above writing.
I also express my thanksgiving to the professor Guofang Gu, associate professor
Weizhong Yuan, and the doctoral candidates Yan Liu, Yang Qu, Zhonghai Zhang
for their help during the completion of this book. Without their help this book
wouldn't be published so easily.
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Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1
2 Lactic Acid ...................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 4
2.2 Properties ................................................................................................ 4
2.3 Preparation .............................................................................................. 7
2.3.1 Chemical Synthesis ..................................................................... 7
2.3.2 Ferrnentation ............................................................................... 7
2.4 Separation and Purification of LA .......................................................... 9
2.4.1 Esterification and Hydrolysis .................................................... 10
2.4.2 Crystallization ........................................................................... 10
2.4.3 Molecular Distillation ............................................................... 11
2.5 Application ........................................................................................... 12
2.5.1 Raw Materials of PLA .............................................................. 12
2.5.2 Additives in Foods .................................................................... 12
2.5.3 Applications in Cosmetics ........................................................ 13
2.5.4 Applications in Detergents ........................................................ 13
References ..................................................................................................... 14
3 Synthesis and Manufacture ofPLA. ........................................................... 15
3.1 Direct Polycondensation of Lactic acid ................................................ 15
3.2 Azeotropic Dehydrative Polycondensation of LA ................................ 21
3.3 Polycondensation Kinetics of LA ......................................................... 23
3.4 Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide ............................................. 23
3.4.1 Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide ................... 24
3.4.2 Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide ................... 26
3.4.3 Coordination-Insertion Polymerization of Lactide ................... 28
3.4.4 Enzymatic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide ............... 33
References ..................................................................................................... 35
4 Modification of PLA .................................................................................... 38
4.1 Copolymerization ofPLA .................................................................... 38
4.1.1 Random and alternating copolymers ofPLA. ........................... 39
4.1.2 Block Copolymers of PLA ........................................................ 45
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