Biodegradability of Conventional Plastics: Opportunities, Challenges, and Misconceptions PDF
Preview Biodegradability of Conventional Plastics: Opportunities, Challenges, and Misconceptions
Biodegradability of Conventional Plastics Opportunities, Challenges, and Misconceptions Edited by Anjana Sarkar Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Delhi, India Bhasha Sharma Department of Chemistry, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, India Shashank Shekhar Department of Applied Science and Humanities, Faculty of Technology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusing anyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationor methodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey haveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceor otherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthe materialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-89858-4 ForinformationonallElsevierpublicationsvisitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionsEditor:AnaClaudiaA.Garcia EditorialProjectManager:SaraGreco ProductionProjectManager:KameshRamajogi CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbyTNQTechnologies List of contributors Muhammad Afzal Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology,GovernmentCollegeUniversity Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab,Pakistan Omar Amin Mechanical Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt AyodejiEmmanuel Amobonye Department of Biotechnology and Food Science,FacultyofApplied Sciences, Durban University ofTechnology,Durban, South Africa Christiana EleojoAruwa Department of Biotechnology and Food Science,FacultyofApplied Sciences, Durban University ofTechnology,Durban, South Africa; Department ofMicrobiology,School of Sciences, Federal University ofTechnology,Akure, Nigeria FarrukhAzeem Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology,GovernmentCollegeUniversity Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab,Pakistan PrashantBhagwat Department of Biotechnology and Food Science,FacultyofApplied Sciences, Durban University ofTechnology,Durban, South Africa AndyM. Booth SINTEF Ocean,Trondheim, Norway Odd GunnarBrakstad SINTEF Ocean,Trondheim, Norway VijayChaudhary Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amity School ofEngineering and Technology, Amity University,Noida,Uttar Pradesh, India ParthaPratim Das Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amity School ofEngineering and Technology, Amity University,Noida,Uttar Pradesh, India;Department ofMaterials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute ofTechnology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India SherifaElHady Industrial Engineering, SESC Centre, Nile University,Cairo, Egypt Amal Elhussieny Industrial Engineering, SESC Centre, Nile University,Cairo, Egypt IreneSamy Fahim Industrial Engineering, SESC Centre, Nile University,Cairo, Egypt xv xvi List of contributors Sanjeev Gautam Advanced Centrefor Polymer Science,Department ofChemistry,NetajiSubhasUniversity of Technology,Delhi,India Pallav Gupta Department ofMechanical Engineering, Amity School ofEngineering and Technology,Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India Sumit Gupta Department ofMechanical Engineering, Amity School ofEngineering and Technology,Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India Sigrid Hakva˚g SINTEF Ocean,Trondheim, Norway Muhammad H. Hasan Department ofMechanical and Industrial Engineering, RyersonUniversity,Toronto, Canada Md.EnamulHoque Department ofBiomedical Engineering,Military Institute ofScience and Technology (MIST), Dhaka, Bangladesh Muhammad Imran Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, COMSATS Instituteof Information Technology, Islamabad,Pakistan Habibul Islam Department ofBiomedical Engineering,Military Institute ofScience and Technology (MIST), Dhaka, Bangladesh Hira Kanwal Department ofBioinformaticsand Biotechnology,Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab,Pakistan M.Mahfuza Khatun DeptartmentofGenetic Engineeringand Biotechnology,Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman MaritimeUniversity,Dhaka,Bangladesh Khushbu Department ofAppliedChemistry,DelhiTechnological University,Delhi,India Stephan Kubowicz SINTEF Industry, Oslo, Norway Amit Kumar Department ofChemistry,Dayal Singh College, University of Delhi, India Lakhan Kumar Department ofBiotechnology, Delhi TechnologicalUniversity, Delhi, India Meenu Malaviya NationalInstitute ofTechnology JLN Marg,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India List of contributors xvii Mankeshwar Kumar Mishra Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amity School ofEngineering and Technology, Amity University,Noida,Uttar Pradesh, India SaimaMuzammil Department of Microbiology,Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Habibullah Nadeem Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology,GovernmentCollegeUniversity Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab,Pakistan Shubham Pant ElectrochemicalProcess Engineering Division,CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute(CECRI),Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch (AcSIR) eCSIR,Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Santhosh Pillai Department of Biotechnology and Food Science,FacultyofApplied Sciences, Durban University ofTechnology,Durban, South Africa Md. Zillur Rahman Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahsanullah University ofScience and Technology, Dhaka,Bangladesh ManviriRani Malaviya National Instituteof Technology JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Ijaz Rasul Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology,GovernmentCollegeUniversity Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab,Pakistan Justyna Rybak WrocławUniversityofScienceandTechnology,FacultyofEnvironmentalEngineering,Wroclaw, Poland Anuradha Saha DepartmentofAppliedSciences,GalgotiasCollegeofEngineering&Technology,GreaterNoida, Uttar Pradesh,India Anjana Sarkar Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology,New Delhi,India Uma Shanker Department of Chemistry, Dr.B R AmbedkarNationalInstituteofTechnologyJalandhar, Jalandhar,Punjab,India AmitKumar Sharma DepartmentofChemistry,RamjasCollege,UniversityofDelhi,UniversityEnclave,Delhi,India BhashaSharma Department of Chemistry, Shivaji College,University ofDelhi,India xviii List of contributors Reetu Sharma Department ofChemistry,NetajiSubhasUniversity ofTechnology, New Delhi,India Shreya Sharma Department ofChemistry,NetajiSubhasUniversity ofTechnology, New Delhi,India Shashank Shekhar Department ofChemistry,NetajiSubhasUniversity ofTechnology, New Delhi,India Muhammad HussnainSiddique Department ofBioinformaticsand Biotechnology,Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab,Pakistan AshokSingh Department ofMechanical Engineering, Amity School ofEngineering and Technology,Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India Harjeet Singh Guru Nanak Dev InstituteofTechnology,Delhi Skill and Entrepreneur University, Delhi, India SurenSingh Department ofBiotechnology and Food Science, Faculty ofApplied Sciences, Durban University ofTechnology,Durban,South Africa Agnieszka Stojanowska WrocławUniversityofScienceandTechnology,FacultyofEnvironmentalEngineering,Wroclaw, Poland Prakash ChanderThapliyal Advanced StructuralCompositesand Durability Group,CSIR-Central BuildingResearch Institute, Roorkee, Uttarakhand,India Ravi Babu Valapa Electrochemical Process EngineeringDivision,CSIR-Central ElectrochemicalResearch Institute(CECRI),Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch (AcSIR) e CSIR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Sudhir G.Warkar Department ofAppliedChemistry,DelhiTechnological University,Delhi,India Farhad Zeynalli WrocławUniversityofScienceandTechnology,FacultyofEnvironmentalEngineering,Wroclaw, Poland Muhammad Zubair Department ofBioinformaticsand Biotechnology,Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab,Pakistan CHAPTER 1 Life cycle assessment and environmental impact of plastic waste ParthaPratim Das1,2,AshokSingh2,Mankeshwar Kumar Mishra2, Vijay Chaudhary2, Sumit Gupta2 andPallavGupta2 1DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandMetallurgicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyHyderabad, Sangareddy,Telangana,India;2DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AmitySchoolofEngineeringandTechnology, AmityUniversity,Noida,UttarPradesh,India Introduction Expandingenvironmentalconsciousnesstoachieveproductsustainabilityhasencouragedimpressive efforts to use more environmentally friendly products in product designs (Ahmad et al., 2020; Chaudharyetal.,2018;Das&Chaudhary,2020;Dasetal.,2021).Crudeoilisrecognizedgloballyasa keyunsustainablesourceofcarbondioxide(CO )andmethane(CH )concentrationsworldwidethat 2 4 has largely surpassed natural consumption levels (Huber, 2004; Pretty & Bharucha, 2018). Most plastics used today are made from crude oil and other fossil fuels, including natural gas and coal. Moreover,theirpredictedlives,andthustheirenvironmentalperseverance,arefarfromcertain.Ofthe problems of resource depletion, CO from fossil fuel combustion should also be considered. This 2 undoubtedlyandsignificantlyaffectsglobalwarming,whichcouldhavefuturesocietal,economic,and environmentaleffectsifitisnotaddressed.Alistofpropertiesshouldbeconsideredforengineersto design products according to rigidity, strength, density, and working temperature to ensure that the materialchosenbestfitstheintentandrespectiveproductiontechnology(Manraletal.,2020).Sucha list must also resolve possible environmental concerns concerning energy efficiency, pollution emissions, and recycling (Chaudhary & Ahmad, 2020; Das & Chaudhary, 2021a). A product design focusingonenvironmentalissueswilluselessenvironmentallydamagingproductsandchoosecleaner manufacturingprocesses(Knight&Jenkins,2009;Roy,2000;Tsoulfas&Pappis,2006).Asaresultof suchdesigns,dangerousandharmfulproductswouldbeavoided,andenergyefficiencyinprocessing would be simultaneously maximized. Design considerations also include the use, management, and recycling ofthe product(Das &Chaudhary, 2021c). Lifecycleassessment(LCA),asshowninFig.1.1,isavaluabletoolforcreatingproductstosolve environmentalproblems.Itisacomprehensivemethodtodeterminetheoverallenvironmentalimpact and aclear structure for minimizing them (Arena et al., 2003; Gu et al., 2017;Zhaoet al., 2009). 1 BiodegradabilityofConventionalPlastics.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-89858-4.00013-0 Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 2 Chapter 1 Life cycle assessment FIGURE1.1 Stepsoflifecycleassessment. Life cycle assessment Definition of life cycle assessment ISO14040:2006describesLCAas“compilingandassessment,overtheentirelifecycle,oftheinputs, outputs and possible impacts on the environment generated by a productive system,” as shown in Fig.1.2.LCAcanbeintroducedtoestimatetheeffectofafinalproductbyconsideringtheimpactsof resourceproductionoveritsentirelifecycle.LCAsupportsthedesignandevaluationoftechnological solutions used inthe manufacturingphase tomitigateimpactsfrom manufacturing, use, andend-of- life periods (Pryshlakivsky& Searcy, 2013;ISO, 2006). LCA is a method assessing the environmental impact of a commodity over its entire life span, beginningwiththeremovaloftheEarth’srawmaterialsandendingwiththereturnofthecommodity’s waste products to the Earth. LCA gathers information and translates it into environmental effects (using impact assessment methodologies), such as climate change contribution, smog generation, eutrophication, acidification, and human and ecosystem toxicities. It also covers inputs and outputs suchaswasteandprocessresources(lifecycleinventory)(Finnvedenetal.,2009;Yarramsettyetal., 2018). Movement of plastic trash: from land to aquatic ecosystem 3 FIGURE1.2 LifecycleassessmentprocedureaccordingtoISO14040. Fate of plastics in the environment Determining the environmental fate of micro/nanoplastics is inherently difficult, mostly due to the multiplicityofsourcesandentryroutesintotheenvironmentandthetimescalesnecessarytodetermine theirdegradationpathways(Wangetal.,2021).Environmentalanalysesofsmallerparticlesaremade difficult by their size. Quantifying these materials is rather difficultdparticularly for smaller-sized plastics, standardized methods for sampling, unit normalization, data expression, quantification, and identificationarelacking(Bergmannetal.,2016).Inaddition,aunifieddefinitionisabsentforthese materials,especiallyfornanoplastics.Microplasticshavebeenidentifiedacrosstheglobe,includingin remotelocations,fromtheArctictotheAntarctic,throughoutthewatercolumn,andfromthesurface tothedepths(benthos).Microplasticsarealsofoundinriversandlakes,agriculturalsoils,sediments, andtheatmosphereinbothindoorandoutdoorenvironments(Bootsetal.,2019;Hurleyetal.,2018; Vianello et al., 2019; Woodall et al., 2014). Plastics reach the environment through various routes, particularly the marine environment. Abiotic or biotic processes may cause the environmental degradationofplastics.Suchbiodegradationrequiresabioticdegradationasthevitalfirststep.Abiotic degradation results in materials with reduced structural and mechanical integrity and particles with higher surface-area-to-volume ratios, thus making them more susceptible to microbial action (Alshehrei,2017;daCostaetal.,2020).However,includingplasticsinvariousenvironmentalmatrices almost certainly leads to expanded physical, chemical, and biological interactions with potential environmental and ecotoxicological consequences(Paluselliet al., 2018). Movement of plastic trash: from land to aquatic ecosystem Plasticisasyntheticmaterialmadefromhydrocarbonsthatcanbemoldedintosolidobjectsofnearly any shape or sizedcracking crude oil results in various petrochemicals as the bases for plastics.
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