Biocomposites : biomedical and environmental applications

517 Pages·2018·9.506 MB·English

by  Ahmed, Shakeel, Bisetty, Krishna, Ikram, Saiqa, Kanchi, Suvardhan

Biocomposites

Biocomposites
Biomedical and Environmental Applications
edited by
Shakeel Ahmed | Saiqa Ikram
Suvardhan Kanchi | Krishna Bisetty
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3
8 Temasek Boulevard
Singapore 038988
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.panstanford.com
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Biocomposites: Biomedical and Environmental Applications
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form
Copyright © 2018 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording
or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented,
without written permission from the publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through
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ISBN 978-981-4774-38-3 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-315-11080-6 (eBook)
Contents
Preface
1. Co mpos ites from Natural Fibers and Bio-resins xi1x
Vimla Paul and Maya Jacob John

1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Lignocellulosic Fibers 2
1.2.1 Chemical Treatment of Banana Fiber 6
1.3 Bio-resins 10
1.3.1 Banana Sap 12
1.3.1.1 Physical and chemical
properties of BS bio-resin 13
1.4 Biocomposites 14
1.5 Biodegradability of Hybrid Biocomposites 17
2. 1A.d6v anceCmonecnltuss aionnd Potential Prospects of Polymer/Metal 18
Oxide Nanocomposites: From Laboratory Synthesis to
Commercialization 27
Deepali Sharma and Karan Vadehra

2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Different Approaches for Nanocomposite
Synthesis 30
2.2.1 Template Synthesis 30
2.2.2 In Situ Synthesis 31
2.2.3 Melt Mixing 33
2.2.4 Solution Intercalation 33
2.2.5 Electrospinning 34
2.2.6 Click Chemistry 35
2.3 Polymer-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 35
2.3.1 Polymer–Iron Oxide-Based
Nanocomposites 36
2.3.2 Polymer–Zinc Oxide-Based
Nanocomposites 38
2.3.3 Polymer–Silica-Based Nanocomposites 40
vi Contents
2.3.4 Polymer–Titanium Oxide-Based
Nanocomposites 42
2.4 Role of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in
Enhancing the Properties of Nanocomposites 43
2.5 Applications of Nanocomposites 45
2.5.1 Sensors 45
2.5.2 Energy Storage 48
2.5.3 Optoelectronics 49
2.5.4 Biomedical 51
2.5.5 Photocatalysis 52
2.6 Commercial Opportunities for Metal Oxide/
Polymer Nanocomposites 54
3. 2B.i7o mediCcoanl Icnlusisgihotns aonf dL iFpuidt-u aren dP rPorospteeicnt-sB ased 55
Biocomposites 65
Aasim Majeed, Raoof Ahmad Najar, Shruti Chaudhary,
Sapna Thakur, Amandeep Singh, and Pankaj Bhardwaj
3.1 Introduction 66
3.2 Protein-Based Biocomposites 67
3.2.1 Medical Applications of Protein-Based
Composites 71
3.2.1.1 Tissue engineering 72
3.2.1.2 Cancer therapy 75
3.2.1.3 Wound healing 76
3.3 Lipid-Based Biocomposites 78
3.3.1 Medical Applications of Lipid-Based
Composites 79
3.3.1.1 Drug delivery 79
3.3.1.2 Cancer therapy 81
3.3.1.3 Antimicrobial application 82
3.3.1.4 Skin protection 83
3.3.1.5 Dental application 84
3.3.1.6 Miscellaneous 84
4. 3B.i4o compCoosnitcelus sfioorn H yperthermia Applications 8957
Tomy J. Gutiérrez
4.1 Introduction 98
4.2 Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles 101
4.2.1 Coprecipitation 102
Contents vii
4.2.2 Hydrothermal Method 104
4.3 Magnetite: Tumor Treatment Using External
Magnetic Field 105
4.4 In Vivo Studies Demonstrating the Anticancer
Effect of Magnetic Nanocarriers 105
4.5 In Vitro Studies Demonstrating the
Improvement in Intake Rate of Anticancer
Agents Loaded into Nanoparticles in Different
Tumor Cells 107
4.6 Saturated Fatty Acids as Coatings for MNPs
with Improved Properties as Anticancer
Drugs Carriers 108
4.7 Fabrication, Characterization, and In Vitro
Assay of Antitumor Activity of Magnetite
Coated with Non-polar Shell Without Using
External Magnetic Field 110
4.8 Biocomposites from Iron Nanoparticles:
Biopolymers 111
4.9 Biocomposites from Iron Nanoparticles:
Hydroxyapatite 116
5. 4B.i1o0co mpCoosnitcelus sBioasne d on Natural Fibers: Concept and 119
Biomedical Applications 135
Raoof Ahmad Najar, Aasim Majeed, Gagan Sharma,
Villayat Ali, and Pankaj Bhardwaj
5.1 Introduction 136
5.2 Types of Natural Fibers 136
5.3 Natural Fiber–Based Biocomposites 139
5.4 Biomedical Applications of Natural Fibers 142
5.4.1 Tissue Engineering 143
5.4.2 Dental Application 146
5.4.3 Wound Healing 147
5.4.4 Drug Delivery 148
6. 5A.l5ga e-BaCsoendc lCuosmiopno sites and Their Applications 115613
Richa Mehra, Satej Bhushan, Balraj Singh Gill,
Wahid Ul Rehman, and Felix Bast

6.1 Introduction 164
viii Contents
6.2 Bio-based Natural Fibers 165
6.2.1 Algal versus Other Natural and
Synthetic Fibers 166
6.2.2 Algal Constituents as Biocomposite
Candidate 167
6.2.2.1 Alginate 167
6.2.2.2 Cellulose 168
6.2.2.3 Agar 168
6.2.2.4 Carrageenan 169
6.3 Synthesis of Biocomposites 169
6.3.1 Algae Culture 169
6.3.2 Extraction of Algal Fiber 169
6.3.3 Natural Fiber Processing 170
6.4 Applications of Algae-Based Composites 171
6.4.1 Biosorption of Heavy Metals 172
6.4.2 Automotive Industry 172
6.4.3 Construction Materials 173
6.4.4 Medical Applications 173
6.4.5 Packaging Industry 174
6.4.6 Cosmetics 174
6.4.7 Textiles 175
6.4.8 Paper Industry 175
7. 6G.o5i ng GCreheanll eUnsginegs Caonldo cFaustiuar ees Pcurolesnpteac Ststa rch and 176
Starch Nanocrystals in Food Packaging 181
Bruce Saunders Chakara and Shalini Singh
7.1 Introduction 182
7.2 Food Packaging 182
7.2.1 Conventional Synthetic Packaging 183
7.2.2 Biofilms, Edible Films, and Coatings 185
7.3 Starch 187
7.3.1 Potato 189
7.3.2 Cassava 189
7.3.3 Maize 190
7.3.4 Amadumbe 190
7.4 Methods 191
7.4.1 Starch Extraction 192
7.4.1.1 Water extraction method 192
7.4.1.2 Alkaline extraction method 192
Contents ix
7.4.2 Preparation of Starch Nanocrystals 192
7.4.3 Film Preparation 193
7.4.3.1 Scanning electron microscopy 193
7.4.3.2 Transmission electron
microscopy 194
8. 7B.i5o nanoCcoonmcpluossiioten Materials: Concept, Applications, 194
and Recent Advancements 199
Nafees Ahmad, Saima Sultana, Suhail Sabir,
Ameer Azam, and Mohammad Zain Khan
8.1 Introduction 200
8.2 Types of Bionanocomposites 201
8.2.1 Polysaccharide-Based
Bionanocomposites 201
8.2.1.1 Chitosan-based
bionanocomposites 201
8.2.1.2 Cellulose-based
bionanocomposites 202
8.2.1.3 Starch-based
bionanocomposites 202
8.2.1.4 Chitin-based
bionanocomposites 202
8.2.2 Nanoclay-Based Nanocomposites 203
8.2.3 Hallyosite-Based Nanocomposites 203
8.3 Preparation and Modifications 204
8.4 Special Properties of Bionanocomposites 205
8.4.1 Mechanical and Barrier Properties 205
8.4.1.1 Young’s modulus and tensile
strength 206
8.4.1.2 Toughness and strain 206
8.4.2 Biological Properties 206
8.4.3 Thermal Properties 206
8.4.4 Antimicrobial Properties 207
8.5 Recent Advances in the Field of
Bionanocomposites 207
8.6 Applications of Bionanocomposites 208
8.6.1 Electronic, Sensor, and Energy
Generation 208
8.6.2 Biomedical Applications 209