Biochemistry of Taste and Olfaction PDF
Preview Biochemistry of Taste and Olfaction
Biochemistry of Taste and Olfaction THE NUTRITION FOUNDATION A Monograph Series HORACE L. SIPPLE AND KRISTEN W. MCNUTT, EDS. : Sugars in Nutrition, 1974 ROBERT E. OLSON, ED.: Protein-Calorie Malnutrition, 1975 ANANDA S. PRASAD, ED.: Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, Volume I, Zinc and Copper, 1976; Volume II, Essential and Toxic Elements, 1976 MORLEY R. KARE AND OWEN MALLER, EDS. : The Chemical Senses and Nutri- tion, 1977 JOHN N. HATHCOCK AND JULIUS COON, EDS. : Nutrition and Drug Inter- relations, 1978 CLIFFORD F. GASTINEAU, WILLIAM J. DARBY, AND THOMAS B. TURNER, EDS. : Fermented Food Beverages in Nutrition, 1979 MORLEY R. KARE, MELVIN J. FREGLY, AND RUDY A. BERNARD, EDS. : Biolog- ical and Behavioral Aspects of Salt Intake, 1980 DONALD S. MCLAREN, ED.: Nutritional Ophthalmology, 1980 JENNY T. BOND, L.J. FILER, JR., GILBERT A. LEVEILLE, ANGUS THOMSON, AND WILLIAM B. WEIL, EDS. : Infant and Child Feeding, 1981 ROBERT H. CAGAN AND MORLEY R. KARE, EDS. : Biochemistry of Taste and Olfaction, 1981 In Preparation DONALD C. BEITZ AND R. GAURTH HANSON, EDS.: Animal Products in Human Nutrition Biochemistry of Taste and Olfaction Edited by ROBERT H. CAGAN Veterans Administration Medical Center and Monell Chemical Senses Center and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania MORLEY R. RARE Monell Chemical Senses Center and University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1981 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Toronto Sydney San Francisco COPYRIGHT © 1981, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Biochemistry of taste and olfaction. "Based on the International Symposium on Biochemistry of Taste and Olfaction, held April 21-23, 1980, at the Monell Chemical Senses Center"—Pref. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Taste—Congresses. 2. Smell—Congresses. 3. Chemoreceptors—Congresses. 4. Biological chemistry— Congresses. I. Cagan, Robert Η. II. Kare, Morley Richard, Date. [DNLM: 1. Smell—Congresses. 2. Taste- Congresses. WV 301 B615 1980] QP456.B56 612'.86 81-3469 ISBN 0-12-154450-8 AACR2 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 81 82 83 84 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Contributors xv Foreword xix Preface xxm Some Reflections on Biochemical Approaches to the Phenomena of Taste and Olfaction MANFRED L. KARNOVSKY Text I Parti Olfactory Receptor Mechanisms 1 Biochemical Studies on the Boar Pheromones, 5a-Androst-16-en-3-one and 5a-Androst-16-en-3a-ol, and Their Metabolism by Olfactory Tissue D. B. GOWER, M. R. HANCOCK, AND L. H. BANNISTER I. Introduction 8 II. Androst-16-enes 8 III. Distribution of Tissues in the Porcine Nasal Cavity 16 IV. Metabolism of [5a-3H]5a-Androstenone in Vitro by Porcine Nasal Epithelium and the Effect of 17j8-Hydroxy-5 a-androstan-3-one 20 V vi Contents V. Subcellular Location and Co-factor Dependency of 3a- and 3/3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases 23 VI. Time Course of the Reduction of [5a-3H]5a-Androstenone in Porcine Nasal Tissues in Vitro 24 VII. Measurement of Apparent K Values for m 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases in Porcine Nasal Tissues 25 VIII. Possible Significance of 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases in Porcine Nasal Epithelium 26 References 28 2 Accessibility of Odorant Molecules to the Receptors DAVID E. HORNUNG AND MAXWELL M. MOZELL I. Introduction 33 II. Odorant Access 34 III. Mucosa/Air Partitioning of Odorants 38 IV. Odorant Removal 40 V. Limitation of the Radioisotope Procedures 42 VI. Further Considerations 43 VII. Conclusion 44 References 44 3 Role of Cilia in Olfactory Recognition LINDA D. RHEIN AND ROBERT H. CAGAN I. Introduction 47 II. Cilia in Sensory Organs 48 III. Morphology of Olfactory Cilia 49 IV. Experimental Basis for Role of Cilia in Olfaction 52 V. Odorant Interactions Studied Biochemically 53 VI. Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Olfactory Cilia 57 VII. Isolation of Plasma Membranes from Cilia 62 VIII. Future Prospects 63 References 65 Contents vii 4 Receptor Proteins in Vertebrate Olfaction STEVEN PRICE I. Introduction 69 II. Olfactory Receptor Proteins 70 III. Research Needs 80 References 81 5 Chemosensation: An Aspect of the Uniqueness of the Individual Κ. YAMAZAKI, M. YAMAGUCHI, G. K. BEAUCHAMP, J. BARD, E. A. BOYSE, AND L. THOMAS Text 85 References 90 6 The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Olfactory Receptors NEIL I. GOLDSTEIN AND ROBERT H. CAGAN I. Introduction 93 II. Self, Non-Self, and Olfaction 95 III. Monoclonal Antibody Production 96 IV. Experimental Study of Relationships between Olfactory Receptors and the MHC 100 V. Future Prospects 102 References 103 Part I Discussion 107 νίίί Contents Part Π Taste Receptor Mechanisms 7 Comparative Study of Sweet Taste Specificity WILLIAM JAKINOVICH, JR. I. Introduction 117 II. Specificity of Sugar Taste Response 118 III. Nonsugar Sweeteners 126 IV. Receptor Site Models 132 V. Research Needs 133 References 134 8 Biochemical Aspects of Sugar Reception in Insects KAI HANSEN AND HELMUT WIECZOREK I. Introduction 139 II. General Features of Taste Hairs 140 III. Specificity of the Sugar Receptor 142 IV. Transduction 145 V. The Pharmacological Approach 148 VI. Glucosidases as Possible Receptor Proteins of the Pyranose Site 154 References 159 9 A Molecular Approach to Intensity/Time Phenomena in Sugar Sweetness GORDON G. BIRCH I. Introduction 163 II. Measurements and Observations in Intensity/Time Relationships 165 III. Significance of Time in Models of Chemoreception and Transduction 167 IV. Intensity/Time and the Sweet Pharmacophore 170 Contents ix V. Conclusions and Future Prospects 171 References 172 10 Recognition of Taste Stimuli at the Initial Binding Interaction ROBERT H. CAGAN I. Introduction 175 II. Sweet Taste Receptors 178 III. Glutamate Taste Receptors 181 IV. Catfish Taste Receptors and the Role of the Plasma Membrane 184 V. Taste Receptor Site Antagonist 190 VI. Covalent Labeling and Isolation of a Taste-Receptor Macromolecule 192 VII. Research Needs 197 References 199 Part II Discussion 205 Part III Physicochemistry and Transduction 11 Physicochemical Principles in Taste and Olfaction JOHN A. DESIMONE I. Introduction 213 II. Mass Transport in Chemoreception 215 III. A Generalized Response Function 223 IV. Surface Activity and Taste 225 V. Research Needs 226 References 227
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