Biochemistry of Smooth Muscle Contraction

455 Pages·1995·44.111 MB·English

by  Michael Barany

http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield
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B I O C H
M I S T R Y
O F S M O O T H
M u s c L
C O N T R A C T I O N
EDITED BY
Michael B~ir~iny
College of Medicine
Department of Biochemistry
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Academic Press
San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
This book is printed on acid-free paper. (~
Copyright (cid:14)9 1996 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Academic Press, Inc.
A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495
United Kingdom Edition published by
Academic Press Limited
24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biochemistry of smooth muscle contraction / edited by Michael B~r~iny.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographic references and index.
ISBN 0-12-078160-3 (alk. paper)
1. Smooth muscle--Physiology. I. B~ir~iny, Michael.
QP321.5.B54 1995
611 '.0186--dc20 95-23967
CIP
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
95 96 97 98 99 00 EB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated to
Professor Albert Szent-Gy6rgyi,
1893-1986,
the founder of functional muscle biochemistry.
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Contents
Contributors xvii D. Expression of Smooth Muscle Myosin
Introductory Note xxi Fragments 15
Foreword xxiii V. Kinetics of Regulation 16
Preface xxv A. Kinetics of ATP Hydrolysis by
Actomyosin 16
B. Cooperativity between the Two Heads
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS of Myosin 17
VI. Perspectives 18
References 18
C H A P T E R
1 C H A P T E R
2
Myosin Structure and Function
Myosin Light Chains
ROBERT S. ADELSTEIN AND JAMES R. SELLERS
KATE BARANY AND MICHAEL BARANY
I. Introduction 3
II. Methods 4 I. Introduction 21
A. Purification of Smooth Muscle Myosin and II. Methods 21
Myosin Fragments 4 A. Purification of the Light Chains 21
B. Phosphorylation of Smooth Muscle Myosin B. Phosphorylation-Dephosphorylation 22
Heavy Chains 5 C. Phosphopeptide Mapping 22
C. Preparation of Antibodies to the 204- and D. Phosphoamino Acid Analysis 22
200-kDa Heavy Chains 5 E. Isolation of Phosphopeptides for
III. Analysis of the Primary Sequence of Smooth Sequencing 23
Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain 6 F. Antibodies for the Phosphorylated Light
A. Sequence Comparison of Smooth, Chain 23
Nonmuscle, and Skeletal Muscle Heavy G. Exchange of Light Chains 23
Chains 6 III. Regulatory Light Chain 23
B. Comparison of Domains of the Heavy A. Isoforms 23
Chains to Three-Dimensional Structure of B. Amino Acid Sequence of the Isoforms 24
Chicken Skeletal Muscle Subfragment-1 7 C. What Is the Functional Significance of LC20
IV. Alternative Splicing of Smooth Muscle Heavy Isoforms? 25
Chain Pre-mRNA 11 D. Phosphorylation 26
A. Introduction 11 IV. Essential Light Chain 29
B. Alternative Splicing of Smooth Muscle A. Isoforms 29
Heavy Chain: Carboxyl Terminal 12 B. Amino Acid Sequence of the Isoforms 29
C. Alternative Splicing of Heavy Chain: Head C. What is the Functional Significance of LC17
Region 14 Isoforms? 30
VII
v ill CONTENTS
V. Interaction between Light and Heavy B. Characteristic Properties 48
Chains 32 C. Isoforms 50
VI. Binding of Divalent Cations by Light D. Amino Acid Sequence 50
Chains 32 E. Interaction with Thin Filament
VII. Perspectives 33 Proteins 50
References 33 F. Modulation of Polymerization 51
III. Thin Filament Structure 52
A. F-Actin and Subfragment-l-Decorated
F-Actin Structure 52
C H A P T E R
B. Thin Filament Structure in Skeletal
3
Muscle 53
Myosin Regulation and Assembly C. Thin Filament Structure in Smooth
Muscle 54
KATHLEEN M. TRYBUS
IV. Perspectives 58
References 58
I. Introduction 37
II. Structure of the Light Chain Binding
Region 37
III. Control of Assembly by Light Chain
Phosphorylation 38 THIN FILAMENT AND
A. The Folded-to-Extended Conformational CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS
Transition 38
B. Light Chain Mutants Identify Regions
That Stabilize the Folded Monomeric
C H A P T E R
Conformation 39
IV. Phosphorylation-Dependent Control of 5
Myosin's Motor Properties 40
Tropomyosin
A. ATPase and Motor Properties of Smooth
Muscle Myosin 40 LAWRENCE B. SMILLIE
B. Structural Elements Required for
I. Introduction 63
Phosphorylation-Dependent
II. Tropomyosin Levels in Smooth Muscles,
Activation 40
Purification, and General Properties 64
C. What Is the Role of the Rod in
III. Isoform Diversity of Skeletal and Smooth
Regulation? 41
Muscle Tropomyosins 64
V. Filament Structure 42
IV. Tropomyosin Genes, Origin of Isoform
A. Requirements for in Vitro Assembly 42
Diversity, and Amino Acid Sequences 66
B. Polarity of Filaments 42
V. Amino Acid Sequence and Coiled-Coil
C. Role of the Nonhelical Tailpiece 44
Structure 67
D. Filament Assembly-Disassembly
VI. Actin Binding and Head-to-Tail
in Vivo 45
Polymerization 70
References 45
VII. Perspectives 73
References 73
C H A P T E R
4
C H A P T E R
Actin and the Structure of
6
Smooth Muscle Thin Filaments
Caldesmon
WILLIAM LEHMAN, PETER VIBERT, ROGER CRAIG,
AND MICHAEL B~tRANY STEVEN B. MARSTON AND PIA A. J. HUBER
I. Introduction 47 I. Introduction 77
II. Smooth Muscle Actin 47 II. Preparation 77
A. Methods 48 III. Structure of Caldesmon in Solution 78
CONTENTS IX
IV. Caldesmon as a Component of the Thin III. Amino Acid Composition of Smooth Muscle
Filaments 79 Calcium Binding Proteins 106
V. Caldesmon-Actin-Tropomyosin IV. Calcium Binding Properties of 12-kDa Calcium
Interactions 79 Binding Protein 106
A. The Caldesmon-Tropomyosin V. Purification and Characterization of 67-kDa
Interaction 80 Calcimedin 108
B. The Caldesmon-Actin Interaction 81 A. Ca 2+ Binding Properties of 67-kDa
VI. Caldesmon Inhibition of Actomyosin ATPase Calcimedin 108
Activity 83 VI. Calmodulin 109
VII. Tropomyosin-Dependent Inhibition of A. Calmodulin and Smooth Muscle
Actomyosin ATPase by Caldesmon 84 Contraction 110
VIII. Ca 2+ Control of Caldesmon Inhibition 85 VII. Isolation and Characterizaton of
IX. Caldesmon-Myosin Interaction 86 Caltropin 110
X. The Role of Caldesmon in Regulating Smooth A. Ca 2+ Binding Properties of Caltropin 111
Muscle Contractility 87 B. Caldesmon Regulation by Caltropin 111
XI. Perspectives 88 C. Regulation of Caldesmon and Heavy
References 88 Meromyosin Interaction by Caltropin 112
D. Effect of Caltropin on the Caldesmon-
Actin Interaction 113
VIII. Conclusion 114
C H A P T E R References 115
7
Calponin
MARIO GIMONA AND J. VICTOR SMALL
I. Introduction 91
II. Purification and Physicochemical ENZYMES OF PROTEIN
Properties 91
PHOSPHORYLATION-
III. Isoform Diversity 92
IV. Primary Structure and Genetic Variants 93 DEPHOSPHORYLATION
V. In Vitro Activity 96
A. Interactions of Calponin with Other
Proteins 96
B. Inhibition of Actomyosin ATPase and CHAPTER
in Vitro Motility by Calponin 97
9
C. The Relationship of Calponin to
Caldesmon 97 Myosin Light Chain Kinase
VI. Molecular Domain Organization and Binding
JAMES T. STULL, JOANNA K. KRUEGER, KRISTINE E. KAMM,
Motifs 99 ZHONG-HUA GAO, GANG ZHI, AND ROANNA PADRE
VII. Tissue Specificity and Localization 100
VIII. Perspectives 101 I. Introduction 119
References 101 II. Myosin Light Chain Kinase Activity
in Vivo 119
A. Activation Kinetics 120
B. Myosin Light Chain Kinase Inhibitors 121
C H A P T E R III. Purification and Assay 122
8 IV. Biochemical and Molecular Properties of
Myosin Light Chain Kinase 123
Calcium Binding Proteins
A. Calmodulin Binding Domain 124
RAJAM S. MANI AND CYRIL M. KAY B. Catalysis 125
C. Intrasteric Regulation 125
I. Introduction 105 V. Summary and Perspectives 128
II. Isolation of Calcium Binding Proteins 105 References 128