Biochemistry of Oxidative Stress: Physiopathology and Clinical Aspects

448 Pages·2016·10.78 MB·English

by  Ricardo Jorge Gelpi

Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease
Ricardo Jorge Gelpi
Alberto Boveris
Juan José Poderoso Editors
Biochemistry
of Oxidative
Stress
Physiopathology and Clinical Aspects
Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease
Series Editor: Naranjan S. Dhalla
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Volume 1: S. K. Cheema (ed), Biochemistry of Atherosclerosis
Volume 2: S . W. Schaffer and M-Saadeh Suleiman (eds), Mitochondria: The
Dynamic Organelle
Volume 3: A . K. Srivastava and M. B. Anand-Srivastava (eds), Signal
Transduction in the Cardiovascular System in Health and Disease
Volume 4: B . Ostadal and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Cardiac Adaptations-Molecular
Mechanisms
Volume 5: B . I. Jugdutt and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Cardiac Remodeling-Molecular
Mechanisms
Volume 6: J awahar L. Mehta and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Biochemical Basis and
Therapeutic Implications of Angiogenesis
Volume 7: S . Chakraborti and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Proteases in Health and Disease
Volume 8: S . Chakraborti and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Role of Proteases
in Cellular Dysfunction
Volume 9: B . Turan and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Diabetic Cardiomyopathy:
Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms
Volume 10: P . S. Tappia and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Phospholipases in Health
and Disease
Volume 11: G . D. Lopaschuk and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Cardiac Energy Metabolism
in Health and Disease
Volume 12: K . Ahmed, O.-G. Issinger, and R. Szyszka (eds), Protein Kinase CK2
Cellular Function in Normal and Disease States
Volume 13: I . M. C. Dixon and J. Wigle (eds), Cardiac Fibrosis and Heart
Failure: Cause or Effect?
Volume 14: S . Chakraborti and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Regulation of Ca2+-ATPases,
V-ATPases and F-ATPases
Volume 15: S . Chakraborti and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Regulation of Membrane Na+ -K
+ ATPase
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7064
Ricardo Jorge Gelpi • Alberto Boveris
Juan José Poderoso
Editors
Biochemistry of Oxidative
Stress
Physiopathology and Clinical Aspects
Editors
Ricardo Jorge Gelpi Alberto Boveris
School of Medicine School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry
University of Buenos Aires University of Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina
Juan José Poderoso
Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y
Metabolismo (INIGEM, UBA–
CONICET), Laboratorio de Metabolismo
del Oxígeno, Hospital Universitario
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease
ISBN 978-3-319-45864-9 ISBN 978-3-319-45865-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45865-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016957889
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Preface
This book was thought as a reference text for postgraduate courses and for its use in
research laboratories that perform studies on the biochemistry and physiology of
oxidative stress with its ongoing extension to physiopathology and clinical aspects,
in this latter case considering a series of human diseases. Although the idea of oxi-
dative stress has been linked to more than a hundred diseases, the book deals with
its application to cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative and neurological dis-
eases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Originally, in 1985, Helmut Sies in the book
Oxidative Stress (H. Sies, ed., Academic Press, London, p. 1–8) coined the concept
of oxidative stress as a situation of “unbalance with either an excessive production
of oxidants or a decrease in antioxidants that lead to cellular damage.” The concept
was a striking success and was immediately accepted and widely used both to
design experimental studies and to explain obtained results. At the middle of 2016,
after more than 30 years, the concept keeps its original strength and applicability.
The entry “oxidative stress” in PubMed produces more than 160000 references.
After the recognition of the deep changes that occur in the redox state of intracel-
lular thiols in the oxidative stress situations, mainly due to the contributions of
D.P. Jones (Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 2008, 295, 849–868), the definition of oxida-
tive stress incorporated the concept of the redox state of intracellular thiols (-SH)
and disulfides (-SS-). The intracellular concentration of both reduced glutathione
(GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is about 2–5 mM, with 90–95 % in the
reduced state; the ratio of reduced glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) is
taken as a valid measurement of the whole intracellular redox sate. The current
views about the general regulation of cellular metabolism are that a series of regula-
tory proteins interact to keep cellular homeostasis and cell division. Most of these
regulatory proteins have thiols and disulfides which are absolutely required for
keeping the molecular conformation that is essential for their physiological regula-
tory function and effects. Many of these proteins exert their regulatory function by
redox reactions involving their -SH/-SS- groups. The current definition by Sies and
Jones (Encyclopedia of Stress, 2007, Fink G., ed., vol. 3, Elsevier, Amsterdam,
p. 45–48) is that “oxidative stress is a situation in which there is an imbalance
between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the oxidants, leading to a disruption
v
vi Preface
of redox signaling and control.” This volume opens with the perspective chapter
“The concept of oxidative stress after 30 years” by Helmut Sies.
Many of the authors of the chapters in the present volume develop their scientific
activities in South America. One of the aims of this book is its use as a reference text
in post-graduate courses and research laboratories in Latin America countries. It is
worth recalling that distinguished scientists from this geographical area, from
Brazil, Peru, and Argentina, participated in the development of ideas and concepts
that later were the thresholds and the tributaries of the concept of oxidative stress.
Alvaro Ozório de Almeida started in Rio de Janeiro in 1934–1941 the research on
the clinical uses of hyperbaric oxygen, at first in the treatment of gangrene and can-
cer. Peruvian Eleazar Guzman Barron, working at the University of Chicago in the
1950s, established that glutathione and other similar thiols are highly sensitive to
oxidation by ionizing radiation. Rebeca Gerschman, born in Argentina and disciple
of Bernardo Houssay, working at the University of Rochester developed the
“Gerschman theory” in 1954, in which she postulated that (a) the intermediates of
the partial reduction of oxygen are the common molecular mechanism of oxygen
and X-radiation toxicities, (b) an increase in oxygen partial pressure or a decrease
in antioxidant defense leads equally to cell damage, and (c) aging is produced by the
chronic effect of oxygen toxicity. The first two points are today fully accepted in the
scientific community, with the second one reformulated in the form of Sies oxida-
tive stress concept that is fully accepted and in evolution. The third point, oxygen
toxicity and aging, is still in a sort of debate. However, an integration of the
Gerschman theory and of the Harman theory (aging by free radical damage) is the
preferred theory by the researchers in the field.
This book on the “biochemistry of oxidative stress” was born in one of the visits
of Prof. N.S. Dhalla to Buenos Aires at the beginning of 2014, in which he was
invited to a coffee and associated chat that the three editors have every Saturday at
La Biela, a coffee shop and a Buenos Aires landmark. Prof. Dhalla got curious
about why these three people meet every week. The answer was that we have com-
mon research interests and that frequently we publish scientific papers together. The
existence of common research interests among these three full professors is some-
how unexpected, because Ricardo Gelpi is professor of pathology and Juan J.
(Teddy) Poderoso is professor of internal medicine, both of them at the School of
Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires, and Alberto Boveris is professor of
physical chemistry at the School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry of the same univer-
sity. The present volume is one of the products of those coffees at La Biela in addi-
tion to the mentioned joint publications. The coffee and chat meetings (and the
similar drinks and chat meetings) are indeed a Spanish tradition called tertulia (no
English word for that) that is a social gathering in which friends joint to discuss
varied matters, usually in the salons of hotels and clubs.
The book has four parts and 27 chapters keeping in mind the concept of oxidative
stress and its application to human disease. Special comments will be made here for
the chapters that deal with data from human patients. Part I is a general section
devoted to oxidative stress and to the process of respiration, the basic cornerstone of
mammalian biochemistry and cell physiology. This part opens with the chapter on
Preface vii
oxidative stress by H. Sies. Other chapters consider the evolution of aerobic life, the
role of mitochondria as source of the species of the partial reduction of oxygen, the
mitochondrial production of nitric oxide, and the general metabolism of nitric oxide
and peroxynitrite in mammalian cell biochemistry and physiology. There is a chap-
ter on the recently recognized intercellular mitochondrial transfer. The part closes
with a chapter by Gonzales et al. on the adaptation of human life to high altitude,
dealing with the Peruvian population living at the altitude in the Andes and compar-
ing it with the other two stable high-altitude populations in Ethiopia and Tibet. Part
II is devoted to cardiovascular diseases with emphasis in ischemia-reperfusion and
in the corresponding cardiac protection provided by thioredoxin and by precondi-
tioning. The thioredoxin protection in ischemia-reperfusion is analyzed in trans-
genic mice in the chapter by D’Annunzio, Gelpi and colleagues. This part also has
a chapter by Milei et al. with biochemical data on antioxidant supplementation in
elderly cardiovascular hypertensive patients and on heart biopsy histological analy-
sis in cardioplegic arrest/reperfusion in human cardiac surgery. Part III is devoted to
neuronal function, neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases, and their
relationship to oxidative stress. A couple of most interesting chapters provide data
involving patients, such as the one by Giulivi and colleagues, where autism in chil-
dren is considered as a metabolic neurological disorder. Other chapter by Repetto
and Boveris deals with the plasma markers of neurodegenerative diseases in human
patients. Part IV contains chapters on metabolic syndrome and cancer. In this latter
case, there is a chapter by J.J. Poderoso that considers cancer in the light of the
Warburg theory of cancer as a mitochondrial phenomenon and that emphasizes in
oxidative stress as the cause that leads to mutations and to cancer development. In
another chapter, Merstelmann analyzes the recent success of immunotherapy in
human cancer treatment. The editors of the scientific journal Science have chosen
“cancer immunotherapy” as the Breakthrough of the Year in 2013 (Science
342:1432–1433, 2013).
Buenos Aires, Argentina Ricardo Jorge Gelpi
July 2016 Alberto Boveris
Juan José Poderoso
Contents
Part I General Aspects
1 The Concept of Oxidative Stress After 30 Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Helmut Sies
2 The Evolution of the Earth and Its Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Juan José Poderoso
3 Mitochondria Are the Main Cellular Source of O−, HO
2 2 2
and Oxidative Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Alberto Boveris and Marisa G. Repetto
4 Biochemistry and Physiology of Heart Mitochondrial
Nitric Oxide Synthase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Tamara Zaobornyj, Darío E. Iglesias, Silvina S. Bombicino,
Ivana A. Rukavina-Mikusic, and Laura B. Valdez
5 Biochemistry of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite:
Sources, Targets and Biological Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Adrián Aicardo, Débora M. Martinez, Nicolás Campolo,
Silvina Bartesaghi, and Rafael Radi
6 Nitro-arachidonic Acid: Downstream Signaling
and Therapeutics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Homero Rubbo, Lucía González-Perilli,
Mauricio Mastrogiovanni, Beatriz Sánchez-Calvo,
and Andrés Trostchansky
7 Mitochondrial Transfer by Intercellular Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Viviana Sanchez and Alicia Brusco
8 Human Adaptation to Life at High Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Gustavo F. Gonzales, Dulce E. Alarcón-Yaquetto,
and Alisson Zevallos-Concha
ix
x Contents
Part II Cardiovascular Diseases
9 Role of Oxidative Stress in Subcellular Defects
in Ischemic Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Monika Bartekova, Miroslav Barancik, and Naranjan S. Dhalla
10 Reduced Oxidative Stress as a Mechanism
for Increased Longevity, Exercise and Heart Failure
Protection with Adenylyl Cyclase Type 5 Inhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Stephen F. Vatner, Jie Zhang, and Dorothy E. Vatner
11 Regulation of Protein Nitrosylation by Thioredoxin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Narayani Nagarajan and Junichi Sadoshima
12 Thioredoxin Attenuates Post-ischemic Damage
in Ventricular and Mitochondrial Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Veronica D’Annunzio, Virginia Perez, Tamara Mazo,
and Ricardo Jorge Gelpi
13 Antioxidant Supplementation in Cardiovascular Disease
and Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
José Milei, Susana Vila, Francisco Azzato,
Giuseppe Ambrosio, and Matilde Otero-Losada
14 Oxidative Stress Influence in the Development
of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Adriane Belló-Klein, Alex Sander Araujo,
Paulo Cavalheiro Schenkel, and Bruna Gazzi de Lima Seolin
15 Redox Regulation of Vascular Remodeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Leonardo Y. Tanaka, Denise de Castro Fernandes,
and Francisco R. M. Laurindo
16 Mitochondrial Complex I Inactivation After
Ischemia-Reperfusion in the Stunned Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Laura B. Valdez, Silvina S. Bombicino, Darío E. Iglesias,
Ivana A. Rukavina- Mikusic, and Verónica D’Annunzio
17 Reactive Oxygen Species Are Involved in Myocardial
Remote Ischemic Preconditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Martín Donato, Diamela T. Paez, Pablo Evelson,
and Ricardo Jorge Gelpi
18 Inhaled Particulate Matter Leads
to Myocardial Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Pablo Evelson, Timoteo Marchini, Mariana Garces,
Lourdes Cáceres, Natalia Magnani, and Silvia Alvarez