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Biochemistry and cell biology of Artemia PDF

273 Pages·1989·27.221 MB·English
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Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Artemia Editors Thomas H. MacRae, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Biology Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada Joseph C. Bagshaw, Ph.D. Alden H. Warner, Ph.D. Professor and Head Professor Department of Biology and Department of Biological Sciences Biotechnology University of Windsor Worcester Polytechnic Institute Windsor, Ontario Worcester, Massachusetts Canada Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First published 1989 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1989 by CRC Press, Inc. CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright. com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biochemistry and cell biology of Artemia/editors, Thomas H. MacRae, Joseph C. Bagshaw, Alden H. Warner. p. cm Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-8493-4897-8 1. Artemia — Physiology. 2. Artemia — Cytology. 3. Crustacea— Physiology. 4. Crustacea — Cytology. I. MacRae, Thomas H. II. Bagshaw, Joseph C., 1943- III. Warner, Alden H. (Alden Howard), 1937- QL444.B815B56 1989 595.3’843 — dc19 88-14562 A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 88014562 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89105-7 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07015-7 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com INTRODUCTION The unusual life history of the brine shrimp, Artemia, and the relative ease with which it can be experimentally manipulated have long made this crustacean a favorite system for biological studies. Over the years, descriptive morphological work has given way to a rigorous analysis of biochemical and cellular aspects of the organism. The underlying theme of the work has often been developmental in nature. We have attempted, with this book, to bring together a rather wide spectrum of topics currently under study in the shrimp. Analyses of gene structure and protein synthesis are combined with descriptions of protein interactions characteristic of functional cells. Although we have not restricted the contents of the book to developmentally related processes, several chapters are more or less concerned with this aspect of the brine shrimp. It will become apparent to the reader that significant contributions to our appreciation of eukaryotic cell function are being made by the study of Artemia, but the potential of the system is far from being fully exploited. We, the editors, will thus consider the book a success if our efforts not only provide researchers working with Artemia a useful framework into which to integrate their findings, but also prompt others to consider the study of Artemia as a way to answer the questions associated with their specific interests. The editors gratefully acknowledge the efforts of all individuals who have so willingly contributed their time and expertise to this book. T. H. MacRae J. C. Bagshaw A. H. Warner THE EDITORS Thomas H. MacRae, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biology at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Dr. MacRae obtained his B.Sc. in Biology from Mount Allison University in New Bruns- wick. He received an M.Sc. in 1973 and a Ph.D. in 1976 from the University of Windsor, Ontario. His graduate work, in microbiology and electron microscopy, was supported by several awards including a National Research Council of Canada Postgraduate Scholarship. Three years of postdoctoral research in biochemistry at the University of Sherbrooke and University of Mississippi Medical Centers, where Dr. MacRae was holder of a Medical Research Council of Canada Postdoctoral Research Fellowship, were followed by a year at the University of Ottawa in the Biology Department. Dr. MacRae has been Assistant Pro- fessor (1980-1987) and Associate Professor (1987-present) at Dalhousie University and was a Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Kent, England in 1987. Dr. MacRae is currently a member of the American Society for Biochemistry and Mo- lecular Biology, Biochemical Society (U.K.), American Society for Cell Biology, Canadian Society for Cell Biology, and the Canadian Biochemical Society. His major research interests are tubulin gene organization and expression in Artemia, tubulin assembly and function, and the effects of metals on brine shrimp development. In addition to his research activities, Dr. MacRae is a very active teacher of cell/molecular biology at Dalhousie University. Joseph C. Bagshaw, Ph.D., is Professor and Head of the Department of Biology and Biotechnology at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts. He earned his B.A. degree from the Johns Hopkins University in 1965, and his Ph.D. degree from the University of Tennessee, Oak Ridge Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences in 1969. Dr. Bagshaw was the first graduate from this innovative program at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Following post-doctoral research at Massachusetts General Hospital, he was appointed Assistant Professor of Biochemistry and then Associate Professor of Biochemistry at Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, before joining the faculty of Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1984. Dr. Bagshaw is also Director of the Worcester Consortium Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Science. Dr. Bagshaw is an author of over 60 research papers and reports and seven book chapters, and has presented his research at many national and international scientific meetings. He has been a co-organizer of two International Symposia on Artemia, and co-editor of the resulting proceedings. He is a member of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the American Society for Cell Biology, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the New England Biotechnology Association. His research interest is in molecular aspects of development in Artemia, focusing on gene structure, organization, and expression. Alden H. Warner, Ph.D., is Professor of Biology at the University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Zoology from the University of Maine in 1959, his Master of Science degree in Physiology at Southern Illinois University in 1961, and the Ph.D. degree in Physiology/Biochemistry from Southern Illinois University in 1964 under the joint sponsorship of a U.S.P.H. Pre-doctoral Fellowship and the Biology Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. After the Ph.D. he was appointed as Research Associate (P.D.F.) in the Developmental Biology Group at Oak Ridge. Since 1965 he has held successive appointments as Assistant Professor of Biology, Associate Professor of Biology and, currently, Professor of Biology in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Windsor. Dr. Warner is currently President of the Canadian Society for Cell Biology and a member of the Board of Directors of the Canadian Federation of Biological Societies. He has also served as Associate Editor of the Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology since 1986. Between 1979 and 1985 he was Head of the Department of Biology at the University of Windsor. He is a member of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Society for Developmental Biology, and the Canadian Society for Cell Biology. He is an author of over 50 articles dealing with the biochemistry of Artemia development and several others dealing with biochemical regulation in dystrophic muscle. In addition to his research interest, he is an active teacher, community volunteer, and sports enthusiast. CONTRIBUTORS Myriam Aerden K. De Smet Scientific Collaborator Scientific Collaborator Department of Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry University of Antwerp University of Antwerp Wilrijk, Belgium Antwerp, Belgium John A. Freeman, Ph.D. Matthew T. Andrews, Ph.D. Associate Professor Assistant Professor Department of Biology Department of Genetics University of South Alabama North Carolina State University Mobile, Alabama Raleigh, North Carolina D. Geelen Hubert Backhovens Scientific Collaborator Industrial Engineer Department of Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry University of Antwerp University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium Wilrijk, Belgium Patrick Lavens, Licentiate Biology Researcher Joseph C. Bagshaw, Ph.D. Artemia Reference Center Professor and Head State University Department of Biology and Ghent, Belgium Biotechnology Worcester Polytechnic Institute Thomas H. MacRae, Ph.D. Worcester, Massachusetts Associate Professor Department of Biology Julius Clauwaert, Dr. in Sciences Dalhousie University Professor Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Department of Biochemistry Biophysics Research Group Luc Moens, Dr. Sc. University of Antwerp Professor Antwerp, Belgium Department of Biochemistry University of Antwerp Wilrijk, Belgium E. De Herdt, Ph.D. Scientific Collaborator Hans J. Nelis, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry Research Associate University of Antwerp Department of Medical Biochemistry Wilrijk Belgium State University of Gent Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ghent, Belgium Andre P. De Leenheer, Ph.D. Professor Department of Medical Biochemistry Paul Nieuwenhuysen, Dr. Sc. State University of Gent Library Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Free University of Brussels Ghent, Belgium Brussels, Belgium Brian A. Perry Chris Thoen, Ph.D. Department of Zoology Scientific Collaborator Arizona State University Department of Protein Engineering Tempe, Arizona Plant Genetic Systems Ghent, Belgium E. Piot, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry J. Van Beeumen, Ph.D. Janssen Pharmaceuticals Associate Professor Beerse, Belgium Department of Biochemistry University of Antwerp Erwin Roggen, Ph.D. Wilrijk, Belgium Scientific Collaborator Department of Biochemistry M.-L. Van Hauwaert University of Antwerp Technician Wilrijk, Belgium Department of Biochemistry University of Antwerp Antonio Sillero, Ph.D. Wilrijk, Belgium Professor and Chairman Department of Biochemistry Lauris Van Hove, Ph.D. Faculty of Medicine Scientific Collaborator University of Extremadura Department of Biochemistry Badajoz, Spain University of Antwerp Wilrijk, Belgium Maria A. Giinther Sillero, Ph.D. Investigator G. Verpooten Instituto de Investigaciones BiomCdicas Scientific Collaborator (C.S.I.C.) Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine University of Antwerp University of Extremadura Wilrijk, Belgium Badajoz, Spain Albert Wahba, Ph.D. Herman Slegers, Ph.D. Professor and Chairman Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry University of Mississippi Medical Center University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium Jackson, Mississippi Patrick Sorgeloos, Ph.D. Alden H. Warner, Ph.D. Research Coordinator Professor Artemia Reference Center Department of Biological Sciences State University of Gent University of Windsor Ghent, Belgium Windsor, Ontario, Canada Charles L. Woodley, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Structure and Expression of Histone Genes in Artemia.. .................................1 Joseph C. Bagshaw, Matthew T. Andrews, and Brian A. Perry Chapter 2 Activation of Stored Messenger Ribonucleoproteins: Identification and Function of the Proteins Associated with Nonpolysomal Poly(A)-Containing Messenger Ribonucleoproteins of Cryptobiotic Gastrulae of Artemia sp. ................................................ 21 H. Slegers, E. De Herdt, E. Piot, H. Backhovens, C. Thoen, L. Van Hove, E. Roggen, and M. Aerden Chapter 3 Molecular Aspects of Development in the Brine Shrimp Artemia: Structural and Functional Studies on the Eukaryotic Polypeptide Initiation Factor 2 and Expression of the Eukaryotic Elongation Factor Tu During Development.. ............................................5 7 Albert J. Wahba and Charles L. Woodley Chapter 4 Purine Nucleotide Metabolism in Artemia ...............................................9 5 Antonio Sillero and Maria A. Giinther Sillero Chapter 5 Proteases and Protease Inhibitors in Artemia and Their Role in the Developmental Process .................................................................I 13 Alden H. Warner Chapter 6 The Hemoglobins of Artemia sp.; Oxygen Carriers with Multidomain Globin Chains.. 133 L. Moens, K. De Smet, M. T. L. van Hauwaert, D. Geelen, G. Verpooten, and J. Van Beeumen Chapter 7 Carotenoids in Relation to Artemia Development.. ..................................... I59 H. J. Nelis, P. Lavens, L. Moens, P. Sorgeloos, and A. P. De Leenheer Chapter 8 Physicochemical Characterization of Ribosomal Particles from Artemia. ............... I91 Julius Clauwaert and Paul Nieuwenhuysen Chapter 9 Artemia Tubulin - A Model Protein for the Study of Gene Regulation and Organelle Formation During Development ....................................................... .21 3 Thomas H. MacRae Chapter 10 The Integument of Artemia During Early Development ............................... .233 John A. Freeman Index.. ................................................................................ -257 Chapter 1 STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE GENES IN ARTEMIA . . . Joseph C Bagshaw. Matthew T Andrews. and Brian A Perry TABLE OF CONTENTS I . Introduction ....................................................................... 2 A . Histone Genes and Messenger RNAs ...................................... 2 B . Histone Synthesis and DNA Replication .................................. 3 C . Artemia as a Biological System for Studies of Histone Genes ............. 4 I1 . Coordinate Synthesis of DNA and Histones in Artemia Larvae ................... 4 A . DNA and Protein Radiolabeling In Vivo .................................. 5 B . Specific Labeling of Histones ............................................. 5 111 . Genome Organization of Histone Genes in Artemia ............................... 7 A . Cloning and Isolation of Artemia Histone Genes .......................... 7 B . Histone Gene Order in Artemia ........................................... 9 C . Tandem Repitition of Artemia Histone Genes ............................. 9 IV . Histone Gene Expression in Early Larvae ........................................ 10 V . Interspersion of Histone and 5s RNA Genes in Artemia .........................1 2 A . Discovery of the 5S Gene ................................................ 12 B . Copy Number of the Histone and 5s Genes .............................. 13 C . Functional and Evolutionary Significance ................................ 15 References ..............................................................................1.7

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