Biochemistry and cell biology of Artemia

273 Pages·1989·27.221 MB·English

by  MacRae, Thomas H., Warner, Alden Howard, Bagshaw, Joseph C

Biochemistry
and
Cell Biology
of
Artemia
Editors
Thomas H. MacRae, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Biology
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Canada
Joseph C. Bagshaw, Ph.D. Alden H. Warner, Ph.D.
Professor and Head Professor
Department of Biology and Department of Biological Sciences
Biotechnology University of Windsor
Worcester Polytechnic Institute Windsor, Ontario
Worcester, Massachusetts Canada
Boca Raton London New York
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First published 1989 by CRC Press
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Reissued 2018 by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biochemistry and cell biology of Artemia/editors, Thomas H. MacRae,
Joseph C. Bagshaw, Alden H. Warner.
p. cm
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8493-4897-8
1. Artemia — Physiology. 2. Artemia — Cytology. 3. Crustacea—
Physiology. 4. Crustacea — Cytology. I. MacRae, Thomas H.
II. Bagshaw, Joseph C., 1943- III. Warner, Alden H. (Alden
Howard), 1937-
QL444.B815B56 1989
595.3’843 — dc19 88-14562
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 88014562
Publisher’s Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies
may be apparent.
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contact.
ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89105-7 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07015-7 (ebk)
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the
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INTRODUCTION
The unusual life history of the brine shrimp, Artemia, and the relative ease with which
it can be experimentally manipulated have long made this crustacean a favorite system for
biological studies. Over the years, descriptive morphological work has given way to a
rigorous analysis of biochemical and cellular aspects of the organism. The underlying theme
of the work has often been developmental in nature.
We have attempted, with this book, to bring together a rather wide spectrum of topics
currently under study in the shrimp. Analyses of gene structure and protein synthesis are
combined with descriptions of protein interactions characteristic of functional cells. Although
we have not restricted the contents of the book to developmentally related processes, several
chapters are more or less concerned with this aspect of the brine shrimp. It will become
apparent to the reader that significant contributions to our appreciation of eukaryotic cell
function are being made by the study of Artemia, but the potential of the system is far from
being fully exploited. We, the editors, will thus consider the book a success if our efforts
not only provide researchers working with Artemia a useful framework into which to integrate
their findings, but also prompt others to consider the study of Artemia as a way to answer
the questions associated with their specific interests.
The editors gratefully acknowledge the efforts of all individuals who have so willingly
contributed their time and expertise to this book.
T. H. MacRae
J. C. Bagshaw
A. H. Warner
THE EDITORS
Thomas H. MacRae, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biology at
Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Dr. MacRae obtained his B.Sc. in Biology from Mount Allison University in New Bruns-
wick. He received an M.Sc. in 1973 and a Ph.D. in 1976 from the University of Windsor,
Ontario. His graduate work, in microbiology and electron microscopy, was supported by
several awards including a National Research Council of Canada Postgraduate Scholarship.
Three years of postdoctoral research in biochemistry at the University of Sherbrooke and
University of Mississippi Medical Centers, where Dr. MacRae was holder of a Medical
Research Council of Canada Postdoctoral Research Fellowship, were followed by a year at
the University of Ottawa in the Biology Department. Dr. MacRae has been Assistant Pro-
fessor (1980-1987) and Associate Professor (1987-present) at Dalhousie University and
was a Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Kent, England in 1987.
Dr. MacRae is currently a member of the American Society for Biochemistry and Mo-
lecular Biology, Biochemical Society (U.K.), American Society for Cell Biology, Canadian
Society for Cell Biology, and the Canadian Biochemical Society. His major research interests
are tubulin gene organization and expression in Artemia, tubulin assembly and function,
and the effects of metals on brine shrimp development. In addition to his research activities,
Dr. MacRae is a very active teacher of cell/molecular biology at Dalhousie University.
Joseph C. Bagshaw, Ph.D., is Professor and Head of the Department of Biology and
Biotechnology at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts. He earned his
B.A. degree from the Johns Hopkins University in 1965, and his Ph.D. degree from the
University of Tennessee, Oak Ridge Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences in 1969. Dr.
Bagshaw was the first graduate from this innovative program at the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. Following post-doctoral research at Massachusetts General Hospital, he was
appointed Assistant Professor of Biochemistry and then Associate Professor of Biochemistry
at Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, before joining the faculty
of Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1984. Dr. Bagshaw is also Director of the Worcester
Consortium Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Science.
Dr. Bagshaw is an author of over 60 research papers and reports and seven book chapters,
and has presented his research at many national and international scientific meetings. He
has been a co-organizer of two International Symposia on Artemia, and co-editor of the
resulting proceedings. He is a member of the American Society for Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, the American Society for Cell Biology, the American Association for
the Advancement of Science, and the New England Biotechnology Association. His research
interest is in molecular aspects of development in Artemia, focusing on gene structure,
organization, and expression.
Alden H. Warner, Ph.D., is Professor of Biology at the University of Windsor, Windsor,
Ontario, Canada. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Zoology from the University
of Maine in 1959, his Master of Science degree in Physiology at Southern Illinois University
in 1961, and the Ph.D. degree in Physiology/Biochemistry from Southern Illinois University
in 1964 under the joint sponsorship of a U.S.P.H. Pre-doctoral Fellowship and the Biology
Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. After the Ph.D. he was
appointed as Research Associate (P.D.F.) in the Developmental Biology Group at Oak
Ridge. Since 1965 he has held successive appointments as Assistant Professor of Biology,
Associate Professor of Biology and, currently, Professor of Biology in the Department of
Biological Sciences at the University of Windsor.
Dr. Warner is currently President of the Canadian Society for Cell Biology and a member
of the Board of Directors of the Canadian Federation of Biological Societies. He has also
served as Associate Editor of the Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology since
1986. Between 1979 and 1985 he was Head of the Department of Biology at the University
of Windsor. He is a member of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, Society for Developmental Biology, and the Canadian Society for Cell Biology.
He is an author of over 50 articles dealing with the biochemistry of Artemia development
and several others dealing with biochemical regulation in dystrophic muscle. In addition to
his research interest, he is an active teacher, community volunteer, and sports enthusiast.
CONTRIBUTORS
Myriam Aerden K. De Smet
Scientific Collaborator Scientific Collaborator
Department of Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry
University of Antwerp University of Antwerp
Wilrijk, Belgium Antwerp, Belgium
John A. Freeman, Ph.D.
Matthew T. Andrews, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Assistant Professor
Department of Biology
Department of Genetics
University of South Alabama
North Carolina State University
Mobile, Alabama
Raleigh, North Carolina
D. Geelen
Hubert Backhovens Scientific Collaborator
Industrial Engineer Department of Biochemistry
Department of Biochemistry University of Antwerp
University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
Wilrijk, Belgium
Patrick Lavens, Licentiate Biology
Researcher
Joseph C. Bagshaw, Ph.D.
Artemia Reference Center
Professor and Head
State University
Department of Biology and
Ghent, Belgium
Biotechnology
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Thomas H. MacRae, Ph.D.
Worcester, Massachusetts
Associate Professor
Department of Biology
Julius Clauwaert, Dr. in Sciences Dalhousie University
Professor Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Department of Biochemistry
Biophysics Research Group Luc Moens, Dr. Sc.
University of Antwerp Professor
Antwerp, Belgium Department of Biochemistry
University of Antwerp
Wilrijk, Belgium
E. De Herdt, Ph.D.
Scientific Collaborator
Hans J. Nelis, Ph.D.
Department of Biochemistry
Research Associate
University of Antwerp
Department of Medical Biochemistry
Wilrijk Belgium
State University of Gent
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Ghent, Belgium
Andre P. De Leenheer, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Medical Biochemistry Paul Nieuwenhuysen, Dr. Sc.
State University of Gent Library
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Free University of Brussels
Ghent, Belgium Brussels, Belgium
Brian A. Perry Chris Thoen, Ph.D.
Department of Zoology Scientific Collaborator
Arizona State University Department of Protein Engineering
Tempe, Arizona Plant Genetic Systems
Ghent, Belgium
E. Piot, Ph.D.
Department of Biochemistry J. Van Beeumen, Ph.D.
Janssen Pharmaceuticals Associate Professor
Beerse, Belgium Department of Biochemistry
University of Antwerp
Erwin Roggen, Ph.D. Wilrijk, Belgium
Scientific Collaborator
Department of Biochemistry
M.-L. Van Hauwaert
University of Antwerp
Technician
Wilrijk, Belgium
Department of Biochemistry
University of Antwerp
Antonio Sillero, Ph.D. Wilrijk, Belgium
Professor and Chairman
Department of Biochemistry
Lauris Van Hove, Ph.D.
Faculty of Medicine
Scientific Collaborator
University of Extremadura
Department of Biochemistry
Badajoz, Spain
University of Antwerp
Wilrijk, Belgium
Maria A. Giinther Sillero, Ph.D.
Investigator
G. Verpooten
Instituto de Investigaciones BiomCdicas
Scientific Collaborator
(C.S.I.C.)
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty of Medicine
University of Antwerp
University of Extremadura
Wilrijk, Belgium
Badajoz, Spain
Albert Wahba, Ph.D.
Herman Slegers, Ph.D.
Professor and Chairman
Associate Professor
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Biochemistry
University of Mississippi Medical Center
University of Antwerp
Wilrijk Belgium Jackson, Mississippi
Patrick Sorgeloos, Ph.D. Alden H. Warner, Ph.D.
Research Coordinator Professor
Artemia Reference Center Department of Biological Sciences
State University of Gent University of Windsor
Ghent, Belgium Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Charles L. Woodley, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Biochemistry
University of Mississippi Medical Center
Jackson, Mississippi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Structure and Expression of Histone Genes in Artemia.. .................................1
Joseph C. Bagshaw, Matthew T. Andrews, and Brian A. Perry
Chapter 2
Activation of Stored Messenger Ribonucleoproteins: Identification and Function of the
Proteins Associated with Nonpolysomal Poly(A)-Containing Messenger Ribonucleoproteins
of Cryptobiotic Gastrulae of Artemia sp. ................................................ 21
H. Slegers, E. De Herdt, E. Piot, H. Backhovens, C. Thoen, L. Van Hove, E. Roggen,
and M. Aerden
Chapter 3
Molecular Aspects of Development in the Brine Shrimp Artemia: Structural and Functional
Studies on the Eukaryotic Polypeptide Initiation Factor 2 and Expression of the Eukaryotic
Elongation Factor Tu During Development.. ............................................5 7
Albert J. Wahba and Charles L. Woodley
Chapter 4
Purine Nucleotide Metabolism in Artemia ...............................................9 5
Antonio Sillero and Maria A. Giinther Sillero
Chapter 5
Proteases and Protease Inhibitors in Artemia and Their Role in the
Developmental Process .................................................................I 13
Alden H. Warner
Chapter 6
The Hemoglobins of Artemia sp.; Oxygen Carriers with Multidomain Globin Chains.. 133
L. Moens, K. De Smet, M. T. L. van Hauwaert, D. Geelen, G. Verpooten, and
J. Van Beeumen
Chapter 7
Carotenoids in Relation to Artemia Development.. ..................................... I59
H. J. Nelis, P. Lavens, L. Moens, P. Sorgeloos, and A. P. De Leenheer
Chapter 8
Physicochemical Characterization of Ribosomal Particles from Artemia. ............... I91
Julius Clauwaert and Paul Nieuwenhuysen
Chapter 9
Artemia Tubulin - A Model Protein for the Study of Gene Regulation and Organelle
Formation During Development ....................................................... .21 3
Thomas H. MacRae
Chapter 10
The Integument of Artemia During Early Development ............................... .233
John A. Freeman
Index.. ................................................................................ -257
Chapter 1
STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE GENES IN ARTEMIA
. . .
Joseph C Bagshaw. Matthew T Andrews. and Brian A Perry
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I . Introduction ....................................................................... 2
A . Histone Genes and Messenger RNAs ...................................... 2
B . Histone Synthesis and DNA Replication .................................. 3
C . Artemia as a Biological System for Studies of Histone Genes ............. 4
I1 . Coordinate Synthesis of DNA and Histones in Artemia Larvae ................... 4
A . DNA and Protein Radiolabeling In Vivo .................................. 5
B . Specific Labeling of Histones ............................................. 5
111 . Genome Organization of Histone Genes in Artemia ............................... 7
A . Cloning and Isolation of Artemia Histone Genes .......................... 7
B . Histone Gene Order in Artemia ........................................... 9
C . Tandem Repitition of Artemia Histone Genes ............................. 9
IV . Histone Gene Expression in Early Larvae ........................................ 10
V . Interspersion of Histone and 5s RNA Genes in Artemia .........................1 2
A . Discovery of the 5S Gene ................................................ 12
B . Copy Number of the Histone and 5s Genes .............................. 13
C . Functional and Evolutionary Significance ................................ 15
References ..............................................................................1.7