Biochemistry

1220 Pages·2004·66.336 MB·English

by  Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Physical Constants
Name Symbol SI Units cgs Units
Avogadro’s number N 6.022137(cid:2)1023/mol 6.022137(cid:2)1023/mol
Boltzmann constant k 1.38066(cid:2)10(cid:2)23J/K 1.38066(cid:2)10(cid:2)16erg/K
Curie Ci 3.7(cid:2)1010d/s 3.7(cid:2)1010d/s
Electron charge e 1.602177(cid:2)10(cid:2)19coulomb† 4.80321(cid:2)10(cid:2)10esu
Faraday constant (cid:2) 96485 J/V(cid:3)mol 9.6485(cid:2)1011erg/V(cid:3)mol
Gas constant* R 8.31451 J/K(cid:3)mol 8.31451(cid:2)107erg/K(cid:3)mol
Gravity acceleration g 9.80665 m/s2 980.665 cm/s2
Light speed (vacuum) c 2.99792(cid:2)108m/s 2.99792(cid:2)1010cm/s
Planck’s constant h 6.626075(cid:2)10(cid:2)34J(cid:3)s 6.626075(cid:2)10(cid:2)27erg(cid:3)s
*Other values of R: 1.9872 cal/K(cid:3)mol(cid:4)0.082 liter(cid:3)atm/K(cid:3)mol.
†1 coulomb(cid:4)1 J/V.
Conversion Factors
Energy: 1 Joule(cid:4)107ergs(cid:4)0.239 cal Pressure: 1 atm(cid:4)760 torr(cid:4)14.696 psi
1 cal(cid:4)4.184 Joule 1 torr(cid:4)1 mm Hg
Length:1 nm(cid:4)10 Å(cid:4)1(cid:2)(cid:2)7cm Temperature: K(cid:4)°C(cid:5)273
Mass: 1 kg(cid:4)1000 g(cid:4)2.2 lb C(cid:4)(5/9)(°F(cid:6)32)
1 lb(cid:4)453.6 g Volume: 1 liter(cid:4)1(cid:2)10(cid:2)3m3(cid:4)1000 cm3
Useful Equations
The Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation Free Energy Change and Standard Reduction Potential
pH(cid:4)pK (cid:5)log([A(cid:2)]/[HA]) (cid:2)G°(cid:7)(cid:4)(cid:6)n(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:7)
a °
The Michaelis–Menten Equation Reduction Potentials in a Redox Reaction
v(cid:4)V [S]/(K (cid:5)[S]) (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:7) (cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:7)(acceptor)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:7)(donor)
max m ° ° °
Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant The Proton-Motive Force
(cid:2)H°(cid:4)(cid:6)Rd(ln K )/d(1/T) (cid:2)p(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:6)(2.3 RT/(cid:2))(cid:2)pH
eq
Free Energy Change under Non-Standard-State Conditions Passive Diffusion of a Charged Species
(cid:2)G(cid:4)(cid:2)G°(cid:5)RTln ([C][D]/[A][B]) (cid:2)G(cid:4)G (cid:6)G (cid:4)RTln(C /C )(cid:5)Z(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:3)
2 1 2 1
The Standard Genetic Code
AAA Lysine CAA Glutamine GAA Glutamate UAA stop
AAC Asparagine CAC Histidine GAC Aspartate UAC Tyrosine
AAG Lysine CAG Glutamine GAG Glutamate UAG stop
AAU Asparagine CAU Histidine GAU Aspartate UAU Tyrosine
ACA Threonine CCA Proline GCA Alanine UCA Serine
ACC Threonine CCC Proline GCC Alanine UCC Serine
ACG Threonine CCG Proline GCG Alanine UCG Serine
ACU Threonine CCU Proline GCU Alanine UCU Serine
AGA Arginine CGA Arginine GGA Glycine UGA stop
AGC Serine CGC Arginine GGC Glycine UGC Cysteine
AGG Arginine CGG Arginine GGG Glycine UGG Tryptophan
AGU Serine CGU Arginine GGU Glycine UGU Cysteine
AUA Isoleucine CUA Leucine GUA Valine UUA Leucine
AUC Isoleucine CUC Leucine GUC Valine UUC Phenylalanine
AUG Methionine* CUG Leucine GUG Valine UUG Leucine
AUU Isoleucine CUU Leucine GUU Valine UUU Phenylalanine
*AUG also serves as the principal initiation codon.
Completely integrated with this text! http://chemistry.brookscole.com/ggb3
The first assessment-centered learning tool
for your biochemistry students
Help your students take charge of their learning with BiochemistryNow™!
This powerful online learning companion helps students gauge their unique study needs
and provides them with a Personalized Learning Plan that enhances their problem-solving
skills and conceptual understanding. BiochemistryNow™ gives your students the
individualized resources and responsibility to manage their concept mastery. Access to
BiochemistryNow™ is FREE with every new copy of this Third Edition.
Totally integrated with this text.
This dynamic resource and the new edition
of the text were developed in concert to
enhance each other and provide students with
a seamless, integrated learning system. As they
work through the text, students will see icons
that direct them to the media-enhanced
activities on BiochemistryNow™.
ANIMATED FIGURE 1.17
Denaturation and renaturation of the intricate struc-
ture of a protein. See this figure animated at http://
chemistry.brookscole.com/ggb3
This precise page-by-page integration enables
your students to become a part of the action—
experiencing and doing biochemistry—not just
reading about it!
Easy to use!
With a click of the mouse, the unique interactive activities
of BiochemistryNow™allow students to:
(cid:2) Create a Personalized Learning Planor review for an exam
using the Pre-TestWeb quizzes
(cid:2) Explore biochemical concepts through simulations,
animations, and movies with BiochemistryInteractive
(cid:2) View Active Figuresand Animated Figures andinteract
with text illustrations
(cid:2) Assess their mastery of core concepts and skills by
completing the Chapter Quiz
The BiochemistryNowsystem includes three
powerful assessment components: (cid:2) Explore biochemical concepts online with links to the
text’s Critical Developments in Biochemistry, A Deeper Look,
WHAT DO I KNOW?
and Human Biochemistryboxes
This diagnostic Pre-Test,based on the text’s Key
Questions, gives students an initial assessment.
WHAT DO I NEED TO LEARN?A Personalized Turn to pages 6 and 7 of the PREVIEW for more details!
Learning Planoutlines key elements for review. Help your students maximize their study time.
WHAT HAVE I LEARNED? A Post-Test assesses Log on to BiochemistryNow™today!
student mastery of core chapter concepts; results http://chemistry.brookscole.com/ggb3
can be emailed to the instructor.
Icons and Colors in Illustrations
The following symbols and colors are used in this text to help in illustrating structures,
reactions, and biochemical principles.
Elements:
= Oxygen = Nitrogen = Phosphorus = Sulfur = Carbon = Chlorine
Small molecules and groups, which are common reactants or products in many biochemical reactions,
are symbolized by the following icons:
H2O CO2 N2 O2 P P P
Water Carbon dioxide Molecular nitrogen Molecular oxygen Inorganic phosphate (Pi) Pyrophosphate (PPi)
Icon representing adenosine triphosphate:
ATP
Electrons: e– or – Protons (hydrogen ions): H+
Sugars:
Glucose Galactose Mannose Fructose Ribose
Nucleotides:
= Guanine = Cytosine = Adenine = Thymine = Uracil
Amino acids:
= Non-polar/hydrophobic = Polar/uncharged = Acidic = Basic
Enzymes:
+
= Enzyme activation
= Enzyme inhibition or inactivation
E = Enzyme = Enzyme Enzyme names are printed in red.
In reactions, blocks of color over parts of molecular structures are used so that discrete parts of the
reaction can be easily followed from one intermediate to another, making it easy to see where the
reactants originate and how the products are produced.
Some examples:
O
–O P OH NH+ COO–
3
–O
Phosphoryl group Hydroxyl group Amino group Carboxyl group
Red arrows are used to indicate nucleophilic attack.
These colors are internally consistent within reactions and are generally consistent
within the scope of a chapter or treatment of a particular topic.
This page intentionally left blank
www.brookscole.com
www.brookscole.com is the World Wide Web site for
Brooks/Cole and is your direct source to dozens of online
resources.
At www.brookscole.com you can find out about supple-
ments, demonstration software, and student resources.
You can also send email to many of our authors and
preview new publications and exciting new technologies.
www.brookscole.com
Changing the way the world learns®
This page intentionally left blank
Biochemistry
Third Edition
Reginald H. Garrett
Charles M. Grisham
University of Virginia
Australia · Canada · Mexico · Singapore · Spain · United Kingdom · United States
Publisher,Physical Sciences:David Harris Production Service:Graphic World Inc.
Development Editor:Sandra Kiselica Text Designer:Patrick Devine Design
Development Editor,Media:Peggy Williams Photo Researcher:Rosemary Grisham
Assistant Editor:Alyssa White Copy Editor:Graphic World Inc.
Editorial Assistants:Annie Mac,Jessica Howard Illustrators:J/B Woolsey Associates;Dartmouth Publishing,Inc.;
Technology Project Manager:Donna Kelley Graphic World Inc.;Dr.Michal Sabat;Jane Richardson
Executive Marketing Manager:Julie Conover Cover Designer:Joan Greenfield Design
Marketing Assistant:Melanie Banfield Cover Image:© Norbert Krauss,Wolfram Saenger,Horst Tobias Witt,
Petra Fromme,Patrick Jordan
Advertising Project Manager:Stacey Purviance
Cover Printer:Phoenix Color Corp
Project Manager,Editorial Production:Lisa Weber
Compositor:Graphic World Inc.
Creative Director: Rob Hugel
Printer:Quebecor World/Versailles
Print Buyer:Barbara Britton
Permissions Editor:Kiely Sexton
COPYRIGHT © 2005 Brooks/Cole,a division ofThomson Learning,Inc. Thomson Brooks/Cole
Thomson LearningTMis a trademark used herein under license. 10 Davis Drive
Belmont,CA 94002
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.No part ofthis work covered by the copyright hereon USA
may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic,electronic,
or mechanical,including but not limited to photocopying,recording,taping, Asia
Web distribution,information networks,or information storage and retrieval Thomson Learning
systems—without the written permission ofthe publisher. 5 Shenton Way #01-01
UIC Building
Printed in the United States ofAmerica Singapore 068808
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 08 07 06 05 04
Australia/New Zealand
Thomson Learning
For more information about our products,contact us at: 102 Dodds Street
Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center Southbank,Victoria 3006
1-800-423-0563 Australia
For permission to use material from this text,contact us by: Canada
Phone:[phone] Nelson
Fax:[phone] Birchmount Road
Web:http://www.thomsonrights.com Toronto,Ontario M1K 5G4
Canada
Europe/Middle East/Africa
COPYRIGHT © 2005 Thomson Learning,Inc.All Rights Reserved.Thomson Thomson Learning
Learning WebTutorTMis a trademark ofThomson Learning,Inc. High Holborn House
50/51 Bedford Row
London WC1R 4LR
Library ofCongress Control Number:2003108540 United Kingdom
Latin America
Student Edition with InfoTrac College Edition:ISBN 0-534-49033-6 Thomson Learning
Seneca,53
Instructor’s Edition:ISBN 0-534-49034-4 Colonia Polanco
11560 Mexico D.F.
Mexico
Spain/Portugal
Paraninfo
Calle/Magallanes,25
28015 Madrid,Spain
About the Cover
“Sun Catcher.”The structure ofthe trimeric Photosystem I from the thermophilic
cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus.This protein complex captures light
energy from the sun and converts it into the chemical energy ofan oxidation–
reduction reaction.Image provided by Norbert Krauss,Petra Fromme,Wolfram
Saenger,Horst Tobias Witt,and Patrick Jordan,ofthe Institute for Crystallography,
Free University ofBerlin and the Max Volmer Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
and Biochemistry at the Technical University Berlin.
D E D I C A T I O N
We dedicate this book to our children and children everywhere.
Our children are our tangible and immediate hopes for the future.
As educators, we have a particular interest in each child
and we acknowledge a social responsibility
to promote the welfare of all children.
Jeffrey David Garrett David William Grisham
Randal Harrison Garrett Emily Ann Grisham
Robert Martin Garrett Andrew Charles Grisham
(cid:2)
And a special dedication from Charles
to his dear and devoted wife, Rosemary.
“The best is yet to be—the last of life, for which the first was made.”