Bioceramics: Properties, Characterizations, and Applications

361 Pages·2009·42.135 MB·English

by  Joon Park (auth.)

Bioceramics
Joon Park
Bioceramics

Properties, Characterizations, and Applications
Joon Park
University of Iowa
Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering
Iowa City, IA 52242-1414
USA
[email protected]

ISBN 978-0-387-09544-8 e-ISBN 978-0-387-09545-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008931285

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To my wife, Hyonsook (Danielle)
v
P
REFACE
The writing of this book was begun in 1995. A course on “Ceramics and Glasses As
Biomaterials (51:174)” was first offered during 1988 under the Department of Bio-
medical Engineering at the University of Iowa. It was largely based on my Biomate-
rials Science and Engineering (Plenum, 1984), especially Chapter 9, “Ceramic Im-
plant Materials.” Needless to say, there have been a multitude of significant new
developments, notably with regard to cubic zirconia, diamond-like carbon, tissue en-
gineering, and nanotechnology. The use of ceramics in tissue engineering is a logical
extension of bioceramics, as bone and teeth are composed of ceramics and organic
materials. The development of nanotechnology has unlimited potential for future ap-
plications. Already used as gemstones and in laser crystals, employment of bioceram-
ics in sensory organ implants is promising. Their use means that cochlear implants can
be made without electronic devices to feed sound waves to more than 20,000 nerve
endings, as opposed to the 20 electrodes currently needed to stimulate the same num-
ber of nerves (see Example 11.3). One day we will manufacture a “direct-sensing”
device made with ceramics and organic matter (e.g., collagen) that has piezoelectric
properties. Similarly, electromagnetic wave-sensing ceramics or polymers can be
developed for such “direct transfer” of energy in the eye or the ear and with other
nerve signals.
The task of writing a textbook is difficult. One needs to cover all subjects in a bal-
anced but adequate fashion. This author believes in mastering the basics and funda-
mentals first before advancing to other areas. It is therefore wise to study Chapters 2–
5 before proceeding to Chapters 6–11, where specific bioceramics are presented and
discussed. The final chapter (12) presents an amalgamation of all previous studies as
applied to medicine and dentistry. The author has attempted to include as much re-
lated material as possible without overburdening the reader. Any errors of commission
or omission that remain in spite of my and my copyeditor’s utmost efforts are our re-
sponsibility alone.
The author is thankful to all the undergraduate and graduate students who took his
course and helped in revising the book. My sincerest thanks go out to former and pre-
sent PhD students D.N. Bingham, Jin C. Cho, Yoon H. Kang, Gilson Khang, Hyun S.
Kim, Inae Hur, Jae H. Kim, Jeong K. Kim, NaJung Kim, Sung S. Kim, Young Kon
Kim, Rong-Fu Kuo, Jin W. Lee, Tae-H. Lim, Kwideok Park, Sang Hyun Park, Young
Il Park, Joseph A. Paulus, A. Suliman, and Seok-Jo Yang. Former students S.A Al-
Husseini, J.C. Anderson, W. Barb, A. Berthusen, J.B. Bigelow, D. Black, G.J. Boys,
J.A. Case, D.R. Clarke, J.P. Davies, M.F. DeMane, S.D. Ferguson, J.R. Frigstad, G.E.
Gratzick, M.F. Grether, T. Hargens, R. Hart, D.E. Henrich, P.R. Iyer, J. Kuebler,
Uyen Le, M.A. Looney, K. Markgraf, E.O. Martz, W.J. Whatley, J.M. Winterbottom,
vii
viii PREFACE
T.J. Wroblewski, and S.O. Young worked with me on various biomaterials research
projects.
I am also indebted to Professor Merrill. L. Ebner of Boston University, who
passed away on March 28, 2008, who introduced me to the materials field, and to Pro-
fessors K.L. DeVries (Utah), W.O. Statton (Utah), and D.R. Uhlmann (MIT/Arizona),
who taught me how to conduct research and to teach. Special thanks go to Professors
S.R. Armstrong (Iowa), T.D. Brown (Iowa), E.Y.S. Chao (Johns Hopkins), Won W.
Choi (Iowa), C.R. Clark (Iowa), F.W. Cooke (Clemson/Wichita State), E.A. Friis
(Kansas), V.K. Goel (Toledo), N.M. Grosland (Iowa), V.J. Hetherington (Iowa/Ohio
College of Podiatric Medicine), J.J. Callahan (Iowa), John C. Keller (Iowa), G.H.
Kenner (Clemson/Utah), Gilson Khang (Chunbook National University), Jeong K.
Kim (Inje University), Young Kon Kim (Inje University), Yong S. Kim (Catholic
University), R.S. Lakes (Wisconsin), J.H. Lee (Dong-A University), Jae I. Ahn (Ajoo
University), Tae-H. Lim (Iowa), Y.K. Liu (Iowa/University of Northern California),
S.A. Loening (Iowa/Berlin), Sang Hyun Park (UCLA), A.K. Salem (Iowa), Whal Seo
(Yonsei University), K.L. Shaull (Iowa), H.B. Skinner (UC Irvine), R.C. Tucker
(Iowa), R.C. Turner (Clemson), A.F. von Recum (Clemson/Ohio State), J.N.
Weinstein (Iowa/Dartmouth), D.G. Wilder (Iowa), and Seok-Jo Yang (Chungnam Na-
tional University). Doctors Hae B. Lee (Korea Research Institute of Chemical Tech-
nology), Jae H. Kim (Pennsylvania), Jin W. Lee (BISCo), Kwideok Park (Korea Insti-
tute of Science & Technology), and Hong S. Shim (Carbomedics/Medtronics Inc.)
deserve special thanks. Also, my sincere gratitude and respect go to Professor A.S.
Hoffman (Washington), who introduced me to the bioengineering field, and Professor
L.L. Hench (Florida/Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London),
who introduced me to bioceramics when I started teaching in 1973 at the University of
Illinois at Champagne-Urbana. I would also like to extend my respect and admiration
to Professor H. Kawahara (Osaka Dental University), who has been the main pro-
moter and researcher of ceramic (alumina) dental implants over the past four decades.
Messrs. Aaron Johnson and Tim Oliver of Springer have been a great help, not
only with this book but also with Biomaterials: An Introduction, 3rd edition (Springer,
2007). I am grateful for their tireless dedication and professionalism.
This book would not be possible without the countless days and late evenings of
work spent away from my most wonderful family: my wife Hyonsook, my daughters
Misun and Na Jung, and my sons Yoon Ho and Yoon Il, to whom I am forever in-
debted.
Joon B. Park, PhD
Coralville, Iowa
May 2008
C
ONTENTS
Preface..................................................................................................................... vii
1: Introduction
Problems....................................................................................................... 5
Definitions.................................................................................................... 7
References.................................................................................................... 8
2: Structure of Ceramics and Glasses
2.1. Atomic Bonding and Arrangement............................................................... 12
2.2. Characterization of Microstructure............................................................... 18
2.3. Quantitative Analysis of Single-Phase Microstructure................................. 21
2.4. Microstructure Determination...................................................................... 22
Problems....................................................................................................... 24
Symbols/Definitions..................................................................................... 25
References.................................................................................................... 27
3: Characterization of Ceramics and Glasses
3.1. Mechanical Properties.................................................................................. 30
3.2. Strengthening of ceramics and Glasses........................................................ 36
3.3. Weibull Statistics of Brittle Failure.............................................................. 38
3.4. Impact Strength, Hardness, Friction, and Wear Properties.......................... 43
3.5. Thermal Properties (Phase Changes)............................................................ 47
3.6. Surface Properties......................................................................................... 59
Problems....................................................................................................... 63
Symbols/Definitions..................................................................................... 66
References.................................................................................................... 68
ix
x CONTENTS
4: Glass Formation and Characterization
4.1. Glass Formation............................................................................................ 70
4.2. Nucleation and Glass Formation.................................................................. 71
4.3. Strength of Glasses....................................................................................... 72
4.4. Static Fatigue of Glasses............................................................................... 74
Problems....................................................................................................... 77
Symbols/Definitions..................................................................................... 80
References.................................................................................................... 81
5: Hard Tissues: Structure, Properties, Healing, Remodeling,
and Biocompatibility
5.1. Structure of Proteins..................................................................................... 85
5.2. Structure–Property Relationships................................................................. 90
5.3. Hard Tissue Healing and Remodeling.......................................................... 102
5.4. Biocompatibility........................................................................................... 109
Problems....................................................................................................... 112
Symbols/Definitions..................................................................................... 113
References.................................................................................................... 114
6: Aluminum Oxides (Alumina)
6.1. Source, Composition, and Structure............................................................. 118
6.2. Mechanical Properties.................................................................................. 120
6.3. Fatigue Properties and Service Life.............................................................. 124
6.4. Applications.................................................................................................. 128
6.5. Further Thoughts.......................................................................................... 132
Problems....................................................................................................... 133
Symbols/Definitions..................................................................................... 136
References.................................................................................................... 138
7: Zirconium Oxides (Zirconia)
7.1. Source and Manufacturing of Zirconia......................................................... 142
7.2. Structure and Properties of Zirconia............................................................. 142
7.3. Long-Term Stability and Implant Design..................................................... 149
7.4. Further Thoughts.......................................................................................... 161
Problems....................................................................................................... 162
Symbols/Definitions..................................................................................... 163
References.................................................................................................... 165
CONTENTS xi
8: Glass-Ceramics
8.1. Formation of Glass-Ceramics....................................................................... 168
8.2. Properties of Glass-Ceramics....................................................................... 170
8.3. Coatings and Composites............................................................................. 176
8.4. Further Thoughts.......................................................................................... 176
Problems....................................................................................................... 177
Definitions.................................................................................................... 178
References.................................................................................................... 179
9: Hydroxyapatite
9.1. Source, Composition, and Structure............................................................. 184
9.2. Properties of Hydroxyapatite........................................................................ 191
9.3. Applications.................................................................................................. 192
9.4. Further Thoughts.......................................................................................... 197
Problems....................................................................................................... 197
Definitions.................................................................................................... 200
References.................................................................................................... 201
10: Carbons and Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings
10.1. Source and Structure of Carbons.................................................................. 206
10.2. Properties of Carbons................................................................................... 209
10.3. Manufacture of Carbon Implants.................................................................. 212
10.4. Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) Coatings....................................................... 214
10.5. Further Thoughts.......................................................................................... 221
Problems....................................................................................................... 221
Definitions.................................................................................................... 222
References.................................................................................................... 223
11: Sulfates and Titanates
11.1. Source, Composition, and Structure............................................................. 228
11.2. Structure and Properties of Titanates............................................................ 232
11.3. Applications.................................................................................................. 236
11.4. Further Thoughts.......................................................................................... 241
Problems....................................................................................................... 241
Symbols/Definitions..................................................................................... 243
References.................................................................................................... 244
xii CONTENTS
12: Composites, Tissue Substitutes, and Scaffolds
12.1. Fundamentals of Composite Theory............................................................. 248
12.2. Applications of Composites.......................................................................... 253
12.3. Composite Scaffolds..................................................................................... 274
12.4. Fabrication of Bone Scaffolds...................................................................... 281
12.5. Biocompatibility of Composite Biomaterials............................................... 284
12.6. Further Thoughts.......................................................................................... 285
Problems....................................................................................................... 285
Symbols/Definitions..................................................................................... 290
References.................................................................................................... 295
Appendices
Appendix I: Physical Constants and Conversions.............................................. 303
Appendix II: SI Units........................................................................................... 304
Appendix III: Common Prefixes........................................................................... 305
Appendix IV: Properties of Selected Elements..................................................... 306
Bibliography........................................................................................................... 307
Name Index............................................................................................................. 327
Subject Index.......................................................................................................... 339