Bioavailability, Toxicity, and Risk Relationship in Ecosystems

361 Pages·2003·24.891 MB·\361

by  R Naidu (Author)

BIOAVAILABILITY, TOXICITY AND RISK
RELATIONSHIPS IN ECOSYSTEMS

Bioavailability, Toxicity and
Risk Relationships in
Ecosystems
Editors
R. Naidu1
V.V.S.R. Gupta1
S. Rogers1
R.S. Kookana1
N.S. Bolan2
D.C. Adriano3
JCSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, South Australia
2Soil & Earth Science Group, Institute of Natural Resources
Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
3University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Lab.
Aiken, South Carolina, USA
Science Publishers, Inc.
Enfield (NH), USA Plymouth, UK
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bioavailability, toxicity, and risk relationship in ecosystems/
editors R. Naidu ... [et al.]. p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p.).
ISBN l-57808-192-0
1. Metals--Environmental aspects. 2. Metals--Toxicology.
3. Bioavailability. 4. Health risk assessment. I. Naidu, R.
QH545.M45 B58 2002
577' .14--dc21
2002030601
© 2003, Copyright Reserved
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior
permission from the publisher. The request to produce certain material
should include a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction.
Published by Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, USA
ISBN 13: 978-1-57808-192-9 (hbk)
Foreword
This book is a compendium of information that elucidates the role of
bioavailability in determining toxicity, and in turn its significance in risk
assessment. Bioavailability in this context is loosely defined as the trans­
port and uptake of an element by an organism.
The book is based on a symposium that Drs Ravi Naidu and Domy
Adriano organized during the 4th International Symposium on the
Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements held on June 23-26, 1997 at the Uni­
versity of California, Berkeley, California. Since this meeting Drs Naidu
and Adriano have promoted the concept of the dynamic nature of
bioavailability in terrestrial ecosystems at numerous conferences, which
have led to the compilation of the present book.
The importance of the source term and chemical speciation, which
in turn is heavily influenced by various factors on bioavailability of
metal(loid) contaminants in soils is discussed.
Contaminants from varied sources and in various forms, either in
aquatic, groundwater or terrestrial systems, and their exposure effects on
organisms—from microbial, small invertebrates, plants, animals and to
humans are discussed.
The topics were debated by an international group of scientists who,
although might have different perspectives in addressing environmental
issues, such as soil pollution, have convergent views about the signifi­
cance of bioavailability in the bioaccumulative effects and its role in evalu­
ating risk.
This special symposium also served as a precursor to the International
Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment,
first held at the CSIRO, Adelaide in 1999.
Professor Albert Page
Albert L. Page, Professor-Emeritus
Department of Environmental Science
University of California
Riverside, CA 92521

Preface
This book describes the bioavailability, toxicity and risk relationships of
metal contaminants in ecosystems. It discusses bioavailability within the
context of environmental health and ecotoxicological risk assessment and
the potential impact that metals may have on soil ecosystem. Specific
discussions focus on fundamental principles and scope of bioavailability,
soil, plant and microbial processes that influence metal dynamics, indica­
tors of bioavailability, and selected case studies demonstrating the im­
pact of metals on terrestrial ecosystem and how bioavailability relates to
regulatory and site assessment requirements. The definition of the term
'bioavailability' and the scientific concept on which it is based are un­
clear, the methods adopted vary throughout the world and therefore
there is no single standard technique for the assessment of either plant
and microbial availability of contaminants or their ecotoxicological im­
pacts on soil biota. In this book, while attempting to define bioavailability,
we have taken into consideration that bioavailability is a function of soil,
nature of contaminant, species/receptor organisms and environmental
perturbations including ageing of the contaminant. The book was written
in as detailed and comprehensive manner as possible, but with simplicity
as its main feature. It is organised in a systematic manner taking the
reader from fundamental principles to case studies employing
bioavailability as a tool for risk assessment. This allows the reader to
grasp the nature and scope of bioavailability in a single and easy-to-read
book.
The book covers fundamental principles controlling bioavailability,
environmental and human health risk assessment, bioavailability as af­
fected by chemical speciation, potential role of bioavailability in risk as­
sessment, microbial parameters as indicators of bioavailability and case
studies demonstrating how manipulation of bioavailability could miti­
gate ecotoxicological effects of metals.
This book is intended as a text for post graduate students, remediators
and risk assessment experts to understand the application of various
conventional and innovative tools for assessing bioavailability and risks
posed by contaminants at highly contaminated sites. It is also intended
viii Bioavailability, Toxicity and Risk Relationships in Ecosystems
for regulatory authorities and environmental planners who wish to learn
more about metal bioavailability, risk relations and site remediation.
R Naidu
WSR Gupta,
S Rogers,
RS Kookana,
NS Bolan
DC Adriano
Contents
Foreword v
Preface vii
List of Contributors xi
IntrQduction xv
Section A: Fundamental Principles
1. Risk Assemment in Environmental Contamination and 3
Environmental Health
Michael R. Moore
2. Bioavailability of Metals in the Soil Plant Environment 21
and its Potential Role in Risk Assessment
R. Naidu, S. Rogers, V.V.S.R. Gupta, R.S. Kookana,
NS. Rolan and D.C. Adriano
3. The Role of Chemical Speciation in Bioavailability 59
Sebastien Sauve
Section B: Indicators of Bioavailability
4. Microbial Parameters as Indicators of Toxic Effects of 85
Heavy Metals on the Soil Ecosystem
P.C. Brookes
5. Metal-Algae Interactions: Implications of Bioavailability 109
M. Megharaj, S.R. Ragusa and R. Naidu
6. Absorption and Translocation of Chromium by Plants: 145
Plant Physiological and Soil Factors
R.H. Loeppert, J.A. Howe, H. Shahandeh, L.C. Wei
and L.R. Hossner
7. Plant Soil Metal Relationships from Micro to Macro Scale 175
K. Bujtas, A.S. Knox, I. Kadar and D.C. Adriano