Table Of Content

BIOAVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS FOR ANIMALS Amino Acids, Minerals, and Vitamins This Page Intentionally Left Blank BIOAVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS FOR ANIMALS Amino Acids, Minerals, and Vitamins Edited by Clarence B. Ammerman Department of Animal Science University of Florida Gainesville, Florida David H. Baker Department of Animal Science University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois Austin J. Lewis Department of Animal Science University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto Find Us on the Web! http://www.apnet.com This book is printed on acid-free paper. ^ Copyright © 1995 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495 United Kingdom Edition published by Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bioavailability of nutrients for animals : amino acids, minerals, vitamins / edited by Clarence B. Ammerman, David H. Baker, Austin J. Lewis p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 012-056250-2 (alk. paper) 1. Animal nutrition. 2. Minerals—Bioavailability. 3. Amino acids—Bioavailability. 4. Vitamins—Bioavailability. I. Ammerman, Clarence B. II. Baker, David H. III. Lewis, Austin J. (David Hiram), date. SF95.B52 1995 95-10078 636.08'52—dc20 CIP Printed in the United States of America 98 99 IBT 7 5 4 3 2 CONTENTS Contributors ix Foreword xi Preface xiii Introduction 1 Statistical Evaluation of Bioavailability Assays Ramon C. LitteH, Austin J. Lewis, and Pamela R. Henry I. Introduction 5 II. Overview of Experimental Design Issues 7 III. Slope Ratio Assay 8 IV. Parallel Lines Assay 10 V. Other Assay Designs 10 VI. Examples of Assays 12 Appendix 24 References 32 2 Amino Acid Bioavailability Austin J. Lewis and Henry S. Bayley I. Introduction 35 II. In Vitro Methods 35 III. Indirect in Vivo Methods 37 IV. Direct in Vivo Methods 38 References 60 3 Bioavailability of D-Amino Acids and DL-Hydroxy Methionine Austin J. Lewis and David H. Baker I. Bioavailability of D-Amino Acids 67 II. Bioavailability of DL-Hydroxy Methionine 69 References 75 VI Contents 4 Methods for Estimation of Mineral Bioavailability Clarence B. Ammerman I. Introduction 83 II. Dietary Considerations 83 III. Absorption and Chemical Balance 84 IV. Growth and Specific Tissue Response 88 V. Use of Isotopes 90 VI. Other 92 VII. In Vitro Procedures 92 References 92 5 Calcium Bioavailability Joseph H. Scares, Jr. I. Introduction 95 II. Bioavailability Studies 96 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 97 IV Summary 100 References 113 6 Cobalt Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry I. Introduction 119 II. Bioavailability Studies 119 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 122 IV. Summary 122 References 124 7 Copper Bioavailability David H. Baker and Clarence B. Ammerman I. Introduction 127 II. Bioavailability Studies 128 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 135 IV Summary 138 References 149 8 Iodine Bioavailability Elwyn R. Miller and Clarence B. Ammerman I. Introduction 157 II. Bioavailability Studies 158 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 160 IV. Summary 162 References 165 Contents vii 9 Iron Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry and Elwyn R. Miller I. Introduction 169 II. Bioavailability Studies 170 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 172 IV. Summary 176 References 194 10 Magnesium Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry and Sharon A. Benz I. Introduction 201 II. Bioavailability Studies 202 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 207 IV. Summary 210 References 228 11 Manganese Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry I. Introduction 239 II. Bioavailability Studies 239 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 244 IV. Summary 246 References 253 12 Phosphorus Bioavailability Joseph H. Scares, Jr. I. Introduction 257 II. Bioavailability Studies 258 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 261 IV. Summary 264 References 286 13 Potassium Bioavailability Elwyn R. Miller I. Introduction 295 II. Bioavailability Studies 296 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 298 IV. Summary 298 References 301 Vlll Contents 14 Selenium Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry and Clarence B. Ammerman I. Introduction 303 II. Bioavailabiity Studies 304 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 308 IV. Summary 310 References 330 15 Sodium and Chlorine Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry I. Introduction 337 II. Bioavailability Studies 338 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 341 IV. Summary 342 References 345 16 Sulfur Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry and Clarence B. Ammerman I. Introduction 349 II. Bioavailability Studies 349 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 355 IV. Summary 356 References 362 17 Zinc Bioavailability David H. Baker and Clarence B. Ammerman I. Introduction 367 II. Bioavailability Studies 368 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 372 IV. Summary 375 References 392 18 Vitamin Bioavailability David H. Baker I. Introduction 399 II. Water-Soluble Vitamins 400 III. Fat-Soluble Vitamins 415 References 424 Appendix I 433 Index 437 CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Clarence B. Ammerman (83, 127, 157, 303, 349, 367), Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 David H. Baker (67, 127, 367, 399), Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Henry S. Bayley (35), Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1 Sharon A. Benz (201), Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medi- cine, Rockville, Maryland 20855 Pamela R. Henry (5, 119, 169, 201, 239, 303, 337, 349), Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 Austin J. Lew^is (5, 35, 67), Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 Ramon C. Littell (5), Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 Elwyn R. Miller (157, 169, 295), Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Joseph H. Soares, Jr. (95, 257), Department of Animal Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740 IX

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This practical book provides crucial information necessary to formulate diets with appropriate amounts of amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. The factors that influence how well animals obtain these critical nutrients and methods for determining bioavailability are reviewed in this comprehensive te
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457 Pages·1995·17.28 MB·English
by  Clarence B. Ammerman
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BIOAVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS FOR ANIMALS Amino Acids, Minerals, and Vitamins This Page Intentionally Left Blank BIOAVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS FOR ANIMALS Amino Acids, Minerals, and Vitamins Edited by Clarence B. Ammerman Department of Animal Science University of Florida Gainesville, Florida David H. Baker Department of Animal Science University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois Austin J. Lewis Department of Animal Science University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto Find Us on the Web! http://www.apnet.com This book is printed on acid-free paper. ^ Copyright © 1995 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495 United Kingdom Edition published by Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bioavailability of nutrients for animals : amino acids, minerals, vitamins / edited by Clarence B. Ammerman, David H. Baker, Austin J. Lewis p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 012-056250-2 (alk. paper) 1. Animal nutrition. 2. Minerals—Bioavailability. 3. Amino acids—Bioavailability. 4. Vitamins—Bioavailability. I. Ammerman, Clarence B. II. Baker, David H. III. Lewis, Austin J. (David Hiram), date. SF95.B52 1995 95-10078 636.08'52—dc20 CIP Printed in the United States of America 98 99 IBT 7 5 4 3 2 CONTENTS Contributors ix Foreword xi Preface xiii Introduction 1 Statistical Evaluation of Bioavailability Assays Ramon C. LitteH, Austin J. Lewis, and Pamela R. Henry I. Introduction 5 II. Overview of Experimental Design Issues 7 III. Slope Ratio Assay 8 IV. Parallel Lines Assay 10 V. Other Assay Designs 10 VI. Examples of Assays 12 Appendix 24 References 32 2 Amino Acid Bioavailability Austin J. Lewis and Henry S. Bayley I. Introduction 35 II. In Vitro Methods 35 III. Indirect in Vivo Methods 37 IV. Direct in Vivo Methods 38 References 60 3 Bioavailability of D-Amino Acids and DL-Hydroxy Methionine Austin J. Lewis and David H. Baker I. Bioavailability of D-Amino Acids 67 II. Bioavailability of DL-Hydroxy Methionine 69 References 75 VI Contents 4 Methods for Estimation of Mineral Bioavailability Clarence B. Ammerman I. Introduction 83 II. Dietary Considerations 83 III. Absorption and Chemical Balance 84 IV. Growth and Specific Tissue Response 88 V. Use of Isotopes 90 VI. Other 92 VII. In Vitro Procedures 92 References 92 5 Calcium Bioavailability Joseph H. Scares, Jr. I. Introduction 95 II. Bioavailability Studies 96 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 97 IV Summary 100 References 113 6 Cobalt Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry I. Introduction 119 II. Bioavailability Studies 119 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 122 IV. Summary 122 References 124 7 Copper Bioavailability David H. Baker and Clarence B. Ammerman I. Introduction 127 II. Bioavailability Studies 128 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 135 IV Summary 138 References 149 8 Iodine Bioavailability Elwyn R. Miller and Clarence B. Ammerman I. Introduction 157 II. Bioavailability Studies 158 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 160 IV. Summary 162 References 165 Contents vii 9 Iron Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry and Elwyn R. Miller I. Introduction 169 II. Bioavailability Studies 170 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 172 IV. Summary 176 References 194 10 Magnesium Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry and Sharon A. Benz I. Introduction 201 II. Bioavailability Studies 202 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 207 IV. Summary 210 References 228 11 Manganese Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry I. Introduction 239 II. Bioavailability Studies 239 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 244 IV. Summary 246 References 253 12 Phosphorus Bioavailability Joseph H. Scares, Jr. I. Introduction 257 II. Bioavailability Studies 258 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 261 IV. Summary 264 References 286 13 Potassium Bioavailability Elwyn R. Miller I. Introduction 295 II. Bioavailability Studies 296 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 298 IV. Summary 298 References 301 Vlll Contents 14 Selenium Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry and Clarence B. Ammerman I. Introduction 303 II. Bioavailabiity Studies 304 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 308 IV. Summary 310 References 330 15 Sodium and Chlorine Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry I. Introduction 337 II. Bioavailability Studies 338 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 341 IV. Summary 342 References 345 16 Sulfur Bioavailability Pamela R. Henry and Clarence B. Ammerman I. Introduction 349 II. Bioavailability Studies 349 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 355 IV. Summary 356 References 362 17 Zinc Bioavailability David H. Baker and Clarence B. Ammerman I. Introduction 367 II. Bioavailability Studies 368 III. Factors Influencing Bioavailability 372 IV. Summary 375 References 392 18 Vitamin Bioavailability David H. Baker I. Introduction 399 II. Water-Soluble Vitamins 400 III. Fat-Soluble Vitamins 415 References 424 Appendix I 433 Index 437 CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Clarence B. Ammerman (83, 127, 157, 303, 349, 367), Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 David H. Baker (67, 127, 367, 399), Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Henry S. Bayley (35), Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1 Sharon A. Benz (201), Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medi- cine, Rockville, Maryland 20855 Pamela R. Henry (5, 119, 169, 201, 239, 303, 337, 349), Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 Austin J. Lew^is (5, 35, 67), Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 Ramon C. Littell (5), Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 Elwyn R. Miller (157, 169, 295), Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Joseph H. Soares, Jr. (95, 257), Department of Animal Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740 IX

Description:
This practical book provides crucial information necessary to formulate diets with appropriate amounts of amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. The factors that influence how well animals obtain these critical nutrients and methods for determining bioavailability are reviewed in this comprehensive te
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