Bioactives in Fruit: Health Benefits and Functional Foods PDF
Preview Bioactives in Fruit: Health Benefits and Functional Foods
Bioactives in Fruit HealthBenefitsandFunctionalFoods Bioactives in Fruit Health Benefits and Functional Foods Editors Margot Skinner ProfessorinFoodScience SchoolofChemicalSciencesandInstituteofPlantandFoodScience UniversityofAuckland Auckland,NewZealand Denise Hunter ResearchScientistinFoodInnovation TheNewZealandInstituteforPlantandFoodResearchLimited Auckland,NewZealand Thiseditionfirstpublished2013(cid:2)C 2013byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Registeredoffice: JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex, PO198SQ,UK Editorialoffices: 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUK Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,in anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedby theUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnames andproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthor(s)haveusedtheirbesteffortsin preparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessof thecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessfora particularpurpose.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessional servicesandneitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom.Ifprofessional adviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Bioactivesinfruit:healthbenefitsandfunctionalfoods/editors, MargotSkinner,DeniseHunter. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-67497-0(cloth:alk.paper)–ISBN978-1-118-63555-1– ISBN978-1-118-63556-8(ePDF)–ISBN978-1-118-63558-2(emobi)–ISBN978-1-118-63559-9(epub) I.Skinner,Margot. II.Hunter,Denise. [DNLM: 1.Fruit–chemistry. 2.BiologicalAvailability. 3FunctionalFood. 4.Phytotherapy–methods. 5.PlantExtracts.WB430] RA784 613.2–dc23 2013006647 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. Coverimage(cid:2)C StevenAllan/istockphoto.com CoverdesignbyMeadenCreative Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptara(cid:2)R Inc.,NewDelhi,India 1 2013 Contents Contributors xv Preface xxi 1 IntroductiontotheMajorClassesofBioactivesPresentinFruit 1 AnusooyaGnanavinthan Bioactives 1 Classificationofplant-derivedbioctives 1 Phenoliccompounds 1 Dietaryfibre(DF) 9 Proteinsandpeptides 11 Carotenoids 11 Functionallipids 11 Bioactivesinfruits 12 Conclusion 14 References 14 2 FibreinFruit 19 BronwenG.Smith Introduction 19 Dietaryfibre 19 Fruit 20 Planttissuesandtypesofcellwalls 20 Cellwallpolysaccharides 21 Effectsofcookingorprocessingoncellwallcomposition 25 Healthbenefits 26 Futureconsiderationsforhealthfunctionality 27 References 28 3 BioavailabilityofAntioxidantCompoundsfromFruits 35 IrisF.F.BenzieandSissiWachtel-Galor Introduction 35 Antioxidantsinfruits 36 VitaminC(ascorbicacid) 37 ‘VitaminE’ 37 Carotenoids 38 Flavonoids 40 ‘Total’antioxidantcontentoffruits 41 v vi Contents Factorsthataffectantioxidantresponsetoingestionoffruit:‘apparent’and ‘real’bioavailability 42 Intrinsicantioxidantcontentoffruit 43 Bioaccessibilityandbioavailabilityofantioxidantsinfruit 45 Ascorbicacid 45 VitaminE 46 Carotenoids 46 Flavonoids 47 ‘Totalantioxidants’ 49 Gettingtotheend:anoteoncolonicmetabolites 51 Finally,increasingbioavailabilityofantioxidants:canitandshoulditbedone? 51 Afewthoughtsonthesequestions 53 Conclusions 53 Acknowledgements 54 Declarationofinterest 54 References 54 4 PharmacokineticandPharmacodynamicInteractionofFunctional FoodswithMedicines 59 ShizuoYamada,YukoTaki,ShingenMisaka,TakashiOkura, YoshiharuDeguchi,KeizoUmegaki,HiroshiWatanabe, YasuoWatanabeandMargotSkinner Introduction 59 Fruits 60 Grapefruitjuice 60 Interactionsmediatedbydrugtransporters 62 NewZealandfruitextracts 62 Ginkgobilobaextract(GBE) 63 UseofGBEanditsconstituents 63 InductionofCYPs 63 Mechanismofinductionofhepaticdrug-metabolizingenzymes 65 Pharmacodynamicinteraction 66 Clinicalstudy 66 GreenTea 68 Greenteacatechins 68 CytochromeP450enzyme-mediatedinteractions 69 Transporter-mediatedinteraction 71 Interactionsthroughothermechanisms 72 Sawpalmettoextract(SPE) 72 Conclusions 73 Acknowledgements 74 References 74 5 HealthPropertiesofAppleandPear 81 RichardEspleyandStefanMartens Introduction 81 Theoriginofapples 81 Domesticationofapples 82 Appleproduction 82 Contents vii Majorclassesofapplebioactives 82 Dihydrochalcones–phloridzin 83 Flavonols–quercetin,kaempferol 84 Flavan-3-ols–catechins,epicatechinsanditsdi-,oligo-andpolymers 84 Anthocyanins–cyanidins 84 Carotenoids 85 Otherphytochemicals/bioactives 85 Biosynthesisandgeneticregulationofapplebioactives 86 Dihydrochalcones 86 Flavonoids 86 Anthocyanins 87 Carotenoids 88 Appleandhumanhealth 88 Bioavailabilityofapplebioactives 88 Antioxidantactivityofappleandappleproducts 89 Cancer 90 Cardiovasculardisease 91 Diabetes 91 Asthma 91 Cognitiveprocesses 92 Gastrointestinalhealth 92 Storageandprocessing 93 Strategiestoimprovethebioactivecontentofapples 93 Conclusions 94 References 94 6 OrangeandGrapefruitBioactiveCompounds,HealthBenefitsand OtherAttributes 101 PaulF.Cancalon Introduction 101 Compositionofcitrus 102 Bioavailabilityandmetabolizationofcitrusphytochemicals 102 Citrusandspecificailments 103 Citrusandcardiovascularhealth 104 Citrusandcognition 109 Citrusandcancer 109 Bonehealth 111 Attributesofcitrushavingraiseddisproportionateconcerns 111 Grapefruit–druginteraction 111 Citrusbodyweightandsugarmetabolism 113 Dentalhealth 116 Conclusions 116 References 117 7 HealthBenefitsfromPomegranatesandStoneFruit,IncludingPlums, Peaches,ApricotsandCherries 125 FranciscoA.Toma´s-Barbera´n,DavidRuiz,DanielValero,DiegoRivera, ConchitaObo´n,CatalinaSa´nchez-RocaandMar´ıaI.Gil Introduction 125 viii Contents Theorigin,diversityandtraditionalusesofthepomegranate(PUNICA GRANATUML.) 125 Theorigin,diversityandtraditionalusesofthestonefruits(PRUNUSL.) 126 Phytochemicalcomposition 128 Pomegranate 128 Apricot 131 Peachandnectarine 133 Plums 134 Cherry 136 Effectofprocessingandstorageonpomegranateandstonefruitbioactives 138 Pomegranates 138 Apricots 140 Peachandnectarines 142 Plums 144 Cherry 146 Healtheffectsofpomegranates 149 Cardiovasculardiseases 149 Cancer 150 Anti-inflammatory 151 Healtheffectsofstonefruit 151 Apricots 151 Peachandnectarines 153 Plums 154 Cherries 157 Conclusion 158 References 159 8 ThePotentialHealthBenefitsoftheSubtropicalFruitsKiwifruit,Feijoa andTamarillo 169 StephenJ.M.Skinner,DeniseHunter,SuengmokChoandMargotSkinner Introduction 169 Kiwifruit 169 BenefitsfromvitaminC 170 Protectionfromoxidativestress,mutagenicityandcancer 171 Guthealthanddigestion 173 Immunehealthandprotectionfrominfection 175 Cardiovasculardisease 178 Sleepdisordersandthesleep-inducingeffectsofkiwifruit 179 Otherhealthbenefitsfromkiwifruit 181 Kiwifruitallergiesandotherdetrimentalhealtheffects 182 Feijoa 182 Potentialprotectionfrominfection 183 Potentialantioxidantactivity 184 Potentialanti-inflammatoryactivity 185 Potentialanticancereffect 185 Tamarillo 186 Tentativehealthbenefitsoftamarillo 187 Conclusion 187 References 188 Contents ix 9 EffectofHealth-promotingPropertiesofGrapes,IncludingResveratrol 197 SusanS.PercivalandRobinL.West Introduction 197 Bioavailabilityandmetabolicfateofcompounds 198 Hearthealthbenefitsandpotentialmechanismsofaction 200 Plateletaggregation 201 Bloodpressure 202 Bloodlipidsandinflammatoryfactors 202 Instressedindividuals 204 Endothelialcellfunction 204 Immunity 205 Cancer 206 Obesity,metabolicsyndromeanddiabetes 207 Cognition 208 Conclusion 211 Acknowledgements 211 References 211 10 PotentialHealthBenefitsofBlackcurrants 215 RosalindMiller,SophiePutnam,MichaelEdwards,GaryWoodward andColinKay Introduction 215 Occurrenceofanthocyaninsinthediet 216 Anthocyaninclassificationandstructuralproperties 218 Anthocyaninstability 219 Anthocyaninmetabolismandbioavailability 222 Bioactivityofanthocyaninsandmetabolites 224 Metabolicsyndrome 224 Cardiovasculardisease 228 Immunoregulatory 232 Antimicrobial 232 Antineurodegenerative 233 Anticarcinogenic 235 Futuredirectionofresearch 237 Listofabbreviations 237 References 238 11 OverviewoftheHealthPropertiesofBlueberries 251 CarrieM.Elks,JosephFrancis,AprilJ.Stull,WilliamT.Cefalu,Barbara Shukitt-HaleandDonaldK.Ingram Introduction 251 Bioactivecomponentsofblueberries 251 Obesityandinsulinresistance 253 Obesity 253 Pre-diabetes 253 Type2diabetesmellitus 254 Cardiovasculardiseases 256 Endothelialdysfunction 256 x Contents Lipids 257 Bloodpressure 257 Cardiacfunction 259 Cancer 259 Longevity 261 Neuroprotectionandaging 262 Cognitivefunction 262 Cellularsignallinginthebrain 263 Cerebralischemia 264 Parkinson’sdiseaseandHuntington’sdisease 265 Gastrointestinaldiseases 266 Vision 266 Conclusion 267 References 268 12 CranberryPolyphenolsinthePromotionofUrinaryTract, CardiovascularandEmergingHealthAreas 273 KerrieL.KasparandChristinaKhoo Introduction 273 Bioactivesincranberry 274 Flavonols 275 Proanthocyanidinsandanthocyanins 276 Dietaryintakeofflavonoids 277 Healthbenefitsofcranberry 277 Urinarytracthealth 277 Cardiovascularhealth 283 Oralandgastrointestinalhealth 284 Conclusion 286 References 286 FurtherReading/Resources 292 13 VegetableFruits:ACornucopiaofHealthBenefits 293 CarolynE.Lister Introduction 293 Tomatoes 300 Phytochemicalcompositionoftomatoes 300 Healthbenefitsoftomatoes 303 Proposedmechanismsofactionoflycopeneandothertomatophytochemicals 309 Capsicum 310 PhytochemicalcompositionofCapsicum 311 PotentialhealthbenefitsofCapsicum 313 ProposedmechanismsofactionofcapsaicinandotherCapsicum phytochemicals 316 Othersolanaceousvegetablefruits 317 Eggplant 317 Tomatillo 318 Cucurbitaceae 319 Phytochemicalcompositionofthecucurbitaceae 319 Proposedmechanismsofactionofcucurbitaceaephytochemicals 323 Contents xi Othervegetablefruits 324 Ackee 324 Breadfuit 324 Okra 325 Conclusions 325 References 326 FurtherReading/Resources 334 14 PotentialHealthBenefitsofAvocados 337 DonaldK.Ingram,CarrieM.Elks,GaryM.DavenportandGeorgeS.Roth Introduction 337 Antioxidantproperties 339 Cardiovascularandmetabolicdisease 339 Preclinicalstudies 340 Clinicalstudies 340 Osteoarthritis/Bonehealth 341 Preclinicalstudies 342 Clinicalstudies 342 Inflammation 343 Cancer 344 Neuroprotection 345 Woundhealing 345 Aging 345 Toxicity 347 Conclusions 348 References 348 15 CardiovascularBenefitsofOliveOil:BeyondEffectsofFatContent 353 ElenaM.Yubero-Serrano,AntonioCamargoGarcia,JoseLopez-Mirandaand FranciscoPerez-Jimenez Introduction 353 FactorsaffectingphenolcompoundcontentinVOO 355 ThehealtheffectofVOO 357 CardiovascularbenefitsofMUFA 357 Cardioprotectiveeffectsofoliveoilphenoliccompounds 358 Conclusionandfutureperspectives 361 Acknowledgements 362 References 362 16 Cocoa,BloodFlowandtheBrain 367 CrystalF.HaskellandAnthonyW.Watson Introduction 367 Cultivationandextraction 367 Activecomponents 368 Pharmacokineticsandabsorption 369 Mechanismofaction 371 Invitro 371 Invivo 371
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