Bioactive food as dietary interventions for cardiovascular disease

722 Pages·2013·11.64 MB·English

by  Ronald R Watson

BIOACTIVE FOOD
AS DIETARY
INTERVENTIONS FOR
CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOR BIOACTIVE FOODS IN
CHRONIC DISEASE STATES
The work of editorial assistant, Bethany L. Stevens and the Oxford-based Elsevier staff
in communicating with authors, working with the manuscripts and the publisher was
critical to the successful completion of the book and is much appreciated. Their daily
responses to queries, and collection of manuscripts and documents were extremely
helpful.PartialsupportforMsStevens’work,graciouslyprovidedbytheNationalHealth
ResearchInstituteaspartofitsmissiontocommunicatetoscientistsaboutbioactivefoods
and dietary supplements, was vital (http://www.naturalhealthresearch.org). This was
part of their efforts to educate scientists and the lay public on the health and economic
benefits of nutrients in the diet as well as supplements. Mari Stoddard and Annabelle
Nunez of the Arizona Health Sciences library were instrumental in finding the authors
and their addresses in the early stages of the book’s preparation.
BIOACTIVE FOOD
AS DIETARY
INTERVENTIONS FOR
CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE
Edited by
RONALD ROSS WATSON AND
VICTO R R. PREEDY
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CONTENTS
Preface xvii
Contributors xix
1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Humans:
Intervention Trials, Healthy Heart Concept, Future Developments 1
R.Sharma,R.J.Moffatt,R.B.Singh,J.Katz
1. Introduction 1
2. Role ofOmega-3Fatty Acids inCVD 1
3. ModernView ofOmegaFatty Acid Therapy inCVD 7
4. Healthy HeartConcept: Less-Known Factson Omega FattyAcids 12
5. Guidelines on Omega Fatty Acidin CVD toPhysicians, Nurses: Healthy HeartConcept 15
6. Implications and Futuristic Prospective 18
7. Conclusions 21
Acknowledgments 22
2. Herbal Supplements or Herbs in Heart Disease: History, Herbal Foods,
Coronary Heart Disease 29
R.Sharma
1. Introduction 29
2. Relation to TGMetabolism 38
3. Herbal Foods: Approved Herbsin Cardiovascular Disease 38
4. Repertory ofHerbs andTheirProperties 42
5. Herbs in HumanUse 52
6. Cardioprotective HerbActive Components inHuman UseApprovedby CDC and
Regulated byFDA 52
7. Conclusion 56
Acknowledgments 56
3. Plant Statins and Heart Failure 63
T.Celik,M.Celik
1. HeartFailure 63
2. Statinsin theTreatment ofHF 63
3. Complementary Medicine inHeart Failure 65
4. Plant Sterols/Stanols (Phytosterols) 66
5. Conclusion 70
v
vi Contents
4. Bioactive Nutrients and Cardiovascular Disease 73
V.Juturu,J.J.Gormley
1. Bioactive Nutrients 74
5. Vitamins and Myocardial Infarction in Diabetics 89
T.Jaxa-Chamiec
1. Introduction 89
2. PatientswithMyocardial Infarction andDM Are atParticular Risk 91
3. ImportanceofOS inMyocardial Infarction 91
4. ImportanceofOS inDM 93
5. AntioxidantEffectofVitamins 94
6. Summary 101
6. Cardioprotective Nutrients 103
R.Jaffe
1. Introduction 103
2. Cardioprotective Nutrients 103
3. Conclusion 117
7. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Risk of Noncommunicable
Diseases 121
P.Mirmiran,F.Hosseini-Esfahani,F.Azizi

1. Introduction 121
2. FVandCVD 122
3. FVandDiabetes Mellitus 126
4. FVandMetS 127
5. FVandHypertension 131
6. FVandObesity 132
7. FVandBone Mineral Status 134
8. FVandCancer 134
9. Prevention ofNoncommunicable Disease byFV Intake 141
10. Conclusion 148
8. Diet and Homocysteinemia: A Role in Cardiovascular Disease? 153
Y.Kumar,A.Bhatia
1. Introduction 153
2. Homocysteine 154
3. Homocysteinemia 158
4. FuturePerspectives 167
Contents vii
9. Phytosterols and Cardiovascular Disease 171
D.S.MacKay,P.J.H.Jones
1.Introduction 171
2.Phytosterols in theDiet 173
3.Plasma Phytosterolsand CVD 173
4.Phytosterol Mechanism ofAction 175
5.Physical Factors AffectingPhytosterol LDL Lowering 175
6.Biological FactorsAffecting Responseto Phytosterols 176
7.Phytosterols andPharmaceutical Cholesterol LoweringTherapies 177
8.Phytosterols, MetS, andDiabetes 177
9.Phytosterols andTriglyceride Lowering 178
10.Phytosterols andCVD RiskReduction 178
11.Conclusion 178
12.Summary Points 179
Glossary 179
10. Taurine Effects on Arterial Pressure Control 183
S.Roysommuti,J.M.MichaelWyss
1. AnOverview ofArterial Pressure Control 183
2. Physiology ofTaurine 185
3. Taurine andPerinatal Development 187
4. Taurine andtheHeart 187
5. Taurine andtheAutonomic Nervous System 189

6. Perinatal Taurine andArterialPressure Control 190
7. Adult Taurine Exposureand Hypertension 192
8. Taurine andtheKidney 192
9. Summary 193
11. Fish Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease – Part 1 197
C.-M.Kastorini,H.J.Milionis,J.A.Goudevenos,D.B.Panagiotakos
1. Introduction 197
2. All-Cause Mortality 198
3. Coronary HeartDisease Mortality 199
4. Coronary HeartDisease Prevention 201
12. Fish Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease – Part 2 205
C.-M.Kastorini,H.J.Milionis,J.A.Goudevenos,D.B.Panagiotakos
1. HeartFailure – Left VentricularSystolic Dysfunction 205
2. Stroke Prevention 206
3. Pathophysiological Mechanisms 209
viii Contents
4. Methodological Problems 209
5. FishContaminants 210
6. DietaryGuidelines 211
7. Conclusion 213
13. Quercetin and Its Metabolites in Heart Health 217
S.Hrelia,C.Angeloni
1. Quercetin:Chemistry andBioavailability 217
2. Cardiovascular DiseaseandQuercetin 219
3. Safety ofQuercetin 225
Glossary 226
14. Vitamin K, Coronary Calcification and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease 229
G.W.Dalmeijer,Y.T.vanderSchouw,J.W.J.Beulens
1. VitaminK 229
2. VitaminKand ArterialCalcification 232
3. VitaminKIntake and RiskofCoronary HeartDisease 236
4. VitaminKIntake and RiskofStroke 237
5. Conclusion 237
15. A Review of the Antioxidant Actions of Three Herbal Medicines
(Crataegus monogyna, Ginkgo biloba, and Aesculus hippocastanum)
on the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases 243
L.M.McCune
1. Introduction 243
2. Hawthorn 245
3. Ginkgo 246
4. HorseChestnut Seed 248
5. ConcludingStatements 249
6. Summary 250
Glossary 251
16. Grape Polyphenols in Heart Health Promotion 255
E.M.Seymour,S.L.Hummel,M.G.Kondoleon,A.Kirakosyan,P.B.Kaufmanz, S.F.Bolling
1. Introduction 255
2. GrapeChemistryand Bioavailability 255
3. HumanStudies– Cardiovascular Effects 258
4. PotentialMechanisms ofEffect 260
5. Translational Frontiers 266
Contents ix
17. Cacao for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases 271
M.Jenny,S.Schroecksnadel,J.M.Gostner,F.Ueberall,D.Fuchs
1. Introduction 271
2. Dietary Antioxidants 272
3. TheRole ofTryptophanMetabolism andNeopterinFormationin Cardiovascular Disease 274
4. Cacao toEnhance Mood 279
5. Conclusion 280
18. Phytoestrogens and the Role in Cardiovascular Health: To Consume or
Not to Consume? 283
H.Hwang,J.P.Konhilas
1. Background andSignificance 283
2. Phytoestrogens and Biology,Chemistry, and Pharmacokinetics 284
3. Biological ModesofAction:Estrogenic, Antiestrogenic, andERIndependent Modes
ofAction 287
4. Phytoestrogens and Cardiovascular Health 290
5. Confounding Factors toConsider 295
6. Summary andConcluding Remarks 296
Acknowledgments 297
19. Probiotic Species on Cardiovascular Disease: The Use of Probiotics to
Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors 303
H.Chen,J.P.Konhilas
1.Introduction 303
2.Hypocholesterolemic Effect ofProbiotics 304
3.Mechanism ofHypocholesterolemic EffectofProbiotics 306
4.Hypotensive Effect ofFermentedMilkProduct 308
5.Mechanisms ofBlood Pressure Lowering 309
6.Alternative Targets ofBioactive Peptides 310
7.Effects ofPeptides Other ThanBloodPressure-lowering Effect 310
8.Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Inflammation, CVD,andProbiotics 310
9.Improving InsulinResistance AssociatedwithInflammation 312
10.Conclusions andFutureDirections 313
Acknowledgments 313
20. Dairy Foods and Cardiovascular Diseases 319
N.J.Correa-Matos,S.B.Vaghefi
1. Prevalence ofCardiovascular Diseases in theUnited States 319
2. Mechanism ofInflammation 320