Bioactive Components, Diet and Medical Treatment in Cancer Prevention

229 Pages·2018·4.752 MB·English

by  Mostafa I. Waly, Mohammad Shafiur Rahman

Mostafa I. Waly 
Mohammad Shafi ur Rahman Editors
Bioactive
Components,
Diet and Medical
Treatment in
Cancer Prevention
Bioactive Components, Diet and Medical
Treatment in Cancer Prevention
Mostafa I. Waly · Mohammad Shafiur Rahman
Editors
Bioactive Components,
Diet and Medical Treatment
in Cancer Prevention
Editors
Mostafa I. Waly Mohammad Shafiur Rahman
Department of Food Science and Nutrition Department of Food Science and Nutrition
College of Agricultural and Marine College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences
Sciences Sultan Qaboos University
Sultan Qaboos University Muscat, Oman
Muscat, Oman
ISBN 978-3-319-75692-9 ISBN 978-3-319-75693-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75693-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018936512
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….. Cancer is not cured with surgical instruments, but
with a vegetarian diet and medicinal herbs…
Hippocrates
Preface
Cancer is a major public health concern not only in the Western countries but also in
other parts of the world. Although modern advancements and techniques play a signifi-
cant role in the treatment of cancer, cancer morbidity and mortality is still on the rise.
Current research supports the notion that the primary intervention for cancer relies
mainly on combating etiological and risk factors associated with cancer incidence. This
approach might be succeeded through lifestyle modifications and adopting dietary
intervention strategies including increase in consumption of bioactive components and
functional foods that have anticancer therapeutic effects by stimulating DNA repair
mechanism, promoting production of protective antioxidant enzymes, inhibiting can-
cer-activating enzymes and hormones, and inducing cellular antioxidant capacity.
The book includes 16 chapters that cover a broad range of methodological and
theoretical approaches of functional foods, bioactive components, and natural thera-
peutic agents in cancer prevention. In addition to addressing the multifactorial (i.e.,
medical and lifestyle) aspects in the development of different types of cancers, we
aimed to cover in a single volume the potential therapeutic aspects of natural anti-
oxidants in the foods, the basic understanding of cancer risk factors, preventive
measures, and possible treatments currently available.
The contributing authors to this book were selected considering their expertise in
their respective fields. Individually each chapter represents a unique perspective
into the biochemical and clinical basis of cancer. The chapters summarize current
research findings and present novel ideas and possible mechanisms that may be of
potential importance in cancer prevention. The book is structurally formatted into
two sections: Bioactive Components and Cancer covers antioxidants in foods
including plants and components of the diet; and Lifestyle, Medicine, and Cancer
covers the risk factors and medical aspects of cancer.
vii
viii Preface
We are confident that the scientific community and researchers will find in this
book methods of effective treatment or at least improvements in cancer prevention.
Nevertheless, the materials in this book provide a framework for further in-depth
studies in order to devise new therapeutic strategies.
Muscat, Oman Mostafa I. Waly
Muscat, Oman Mohammad Shafiur Rahman
Contents
Risk Factors for Cancer: Genetic and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Mohammad Shafiur Rahman, Sithara Suresh, and Mostafa I. Waly
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Environmental Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 T obacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 A lcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 O ccupational Carcinogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4 E nvironmental Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Diet Risk Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1 F ood Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 A flatoxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 C hemicals and Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 F ood Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 Genetic Predisposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5 Interrelationship of Genetic Risk and Environmental Risk Factors . . . . . . 14
6 Awareness of Risk Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Anticancer Potential of Dietary Polyphenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Amy L. Stockert and Matthew Hill
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2 Properties of Polyphenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1 S tructural Classifications of Polyphenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2 V ariability of Bioactivity and Bioavailability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 Relationship of the Gut Microbiome to Polyphenol Activity . . . . . . 27
2.4 Polyphenol Effects on Endogenous Metabolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 Polyphenols and Its Effects on Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1 Polyphenols and Cancer Prevention and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2 P otential Mechanisms of Polyphenol Anticancer Activities . . . . . . . 29
ix
x Contents
4 Adjunctive Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Natural Products and Their Benefits in Cancer Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Nejib Guizani, Mostafa I. Waly, Mohammad Shafiur Rahman,
and Zaher Al-Attabi
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2 Antioxidant Properties of Natural Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3 Anticancer Properties of Selected Natural Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
C innamon as a Cancer Therapeutic Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Neeru Bhatt
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2 Cinnamon as a Cancer Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.1 S pecies of Cinnamon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.2 Chemical and Phytochemical Composition of Cinnamon . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3 M edical Uses of Cinnamon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4 Mechanism of Action of Cinnamon Against Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.5 T oxicity of Overdose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
B roccoli (Brassica oleracea) as a Preventive Biomaterial for Cancer . . . . . 75
Sithara Suresh, Mostafa I. Waly, and Mohammad Shafiur Rahman
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2 Nutritional Composition of Broccoli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3 Phytochemicals in Broccoli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4 Anticancer Effects as Evidenced from Cell Line Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 Anticancer Effects as Evidence from Animal Trial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6 Clinical Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Garlic Preventive Effect on Cancer Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Mostafa I. Waly and Mohammad Shafiur Rahman
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2 Medicinal Aspects of Allium Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3 Anticancer Effects of Garlic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4 Bioavailability of Garlic-Derived Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5 Garlic as a Phytochemical Agent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Contents xi
Antioxidant and Health Properties of Beehive Products
Against Oxidative Stress-Mediated Carcinogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Hassan Talib Al-Lawati, Hajar Ibrahim Salim Al-Ajmi,
and Mostafa I. Waly
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2 Beehive Products and Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.1 H oney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.2 P ollen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.3 P ropolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.4 R oyal Jelly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.5 V enom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Chemopreventive Effect of Date Pit Extract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Mostafa I. Waly, Nejib Guizani, Ahmed Al Alawi,
and Mohammad Shafiur Rahman
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2 Composition of Date Pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3 Polyphenolic Content of Date Pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4 Antioxidant Effects of Date Pit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Nutrition and Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Mostafa I. Waly and Amanat Ali
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2 Cancer Pathogenesis and Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3 Colorectal Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4 Nutrition and Colorectal Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Modifiable and Non-modifiable Risk Factors
for Colon and Rectal Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Smitha Padmanabhan, Mostafa I. Waly, Varna Taranikanti, Nejib Guizani,
Mohammad S. Rahman, Amanat Ali, Zaher Al-Attabi,
and Richard C. Deth
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2 Modifiable Risk Factors and Their Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
2.1 Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
2.2 Protective Role of Fruit and Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.3 Protective Role of B Vitamins (Folate, Vitamin B6,
and Vitamin B12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.4 Role of Calcium and Vitamin D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
2.5 Sedentary Life Style and Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125