SScchhoollaarrss'' MMiinnee Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations Fall 2017 BBiiooaacccceessssiibbiilliittyy ooff lleeaadd ffrroomm lleeaadd--ccoonnttaammiinnaatteedd ssooiill uuppoonn pphhoosspphhaattee aammeennddmmeenntt uussiinngg aa pphhyyssiioollooggiiccaallllyy--bbaasseedd eexxttrraaccttiioonn tteesstt Samantha Jo DiCenso Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt:: RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn DiCenso, Samantha Jo, "Bioaccessibility of lead from lead-contaminated soil upon phosphate amendment using a physiologically-based extraction test" (2017). Masters Theses. 7716. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/7716 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BIOACCESSIBILITY OF LEAD FROM LEAD‐CONTAMINATED SOIL UPON PHOSPHATE AMENDMENT USING A PHYSIOLOGICALLY‐BASED EXTRACTION TEST by SAMANTHA JO DICENSO A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017 Approved by Mark Fitch, Advisor Joel Burken David Wronkiewicz iii ABSTRACT Lead is known to cause health problems in humans, especially children, and an effective in‐situ remediation option has been sought for years. Adding phosphoric acid (PA) to contaminated soil causes a reaction that binds the lead to phosphate to produce pyromorphite (Pb (PO ) Cl), a form of lead believed to be non‐bioavailable; however, 5 4 3 field trials have given varied results (Bosso et al 2008; Munksgaard and Lottermoser 2011; Tang et al. 2009). One explanation for these results might be the impact of the agent used to raise pH after phosphoric acid addition. In order to examine this explanation soil was collected from the Bonne Terre area in Missouri, which is known to have a high lead content due to past smelting activities. The soil was mixed with PA before calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide were added to the soil to neutralize the pH changes caused by the PA addition, and to determine whether the pH amendment impacted the rate of pyromorphite formation. The soil was then run through a physiologically‐based extraction test (PBET) that simulates a child’s stomach process to evaluate the success of the remediation attempt. The soil was monitored for a month after amendment addition, with all soil samples run through the PBET and a flame atomic absorption spectrometer to analyze the samples. Upon discovering that the change in concentration of extractable lead in soil was not statistically significant, an in‐ vitro test was conducted to discover what was occurring in the soil. Titration experiments were conducted based on the idea that pyromorphite was forming in the soil, but the low stomach pH was causing it to re‐dissolve. The titration experiments showed that below pH 3, pyromorphite dissolves, a hitherto overlooked phenomenon. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Mark Fitch, as well as my advising committee, Dr. Joel Burken and Dr. David Wronkiewicz. This research would not have been possible without their help, as well as the help of Dr. Santosh Mishra for his assistance in troubleshooting problems with machinery, and the staff of the Missouri S&T Library who were invaluable in tracking down research papers. Thanks also goes to the undergraduate team and various friends who assisted in collecting data and staying long hours to ensure I was not left alone in the lab while conducting research. Thank you Daniel Richardson, Kairsti Goodrich, Brett Miller, Blake Hardin, Ian Ramsey, Kari Ward, Frank Marshall and Ian Schroen. I would also like to thank Austin Doss for providing post‐amendment pH values from his own research to include in this paper, and Katherine Wagner for her assistance in editing the final version of this paper. A special thanks to Jessica Chowning who brought me homemade lasagna on particularly long nights spent in the lab. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ALTERNATE TERMS ............................................................. ix SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1. METHODS OF DEALING WITH LEAD IN SOIL .................................................... 2 1.2. PYROMORPHITE AS A MEANS OF REMEDIATION ............................................ 3 1.3. PHOSPHATE AMENDMENTS ............................................................................. 5 1.4. BIOAVAILABILITY ANALYSIS METHODS ............................................................ 6 1.5. IMPACTS OF pH ON BIOAVAILABILITY .............................................................. 8 1.6. DOES PHOSPHATE REMEDIATION WORK: A SHORT REVIEW ......................... 9 1.7. RELATED RESEARCH IN THE FIELD .................................................................. 10 2. METHODS .............................................................................................................. 12 2.1. PURPOSE AND EXPERIMENT OVERVIEW ....................................................... 12 2.2. SOIL CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................. 13 2.2.1. Collection. ................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2. Homogenization and Characterization. ...................................................... 13 2.3. PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED EXTRACTION TEST (PBET) EXPERIMENT ............... 15 2.3.1. Soil Amendments and Sampling. ................................................................ 15 2.3.2. PBET/FAA Testing Procedures. ................................................................... 17 2.3.3. Effects of Storage. ....................................................................................... 21 2.4. pH CONTROL TESTS ........................................................................................ 21 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................... 22 3.1. SOIL CHARACTERIZATION ............................................................................... 22 vi 3.2. PBET LEAD EXPERIMENT ................................................................................ 23 3.3. pH CONTROL TESTS ........................................................................................ 26 4. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ERROR .............................................................................. 31 5. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................... 33 APPENDICES A. SOIL CHARACTERIZATION DATA ........................................................................... 35 B. PBET LEAD EXPERIMENT DATA ............................................................................. 58 C. pH CONTROL DATA ............................................................................................... 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 128 VITA ................................................................................................................................. 136 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1: Bucket Setup – After Amendment Addition, Immediately Before Mixing .... 16 Figure 2.2: PBET Setup – View of PBET Tank and External Heating Tank ........................ 18 Figure 2.3: Soil Preparation for PBET .............................................................................. 19 Figure 2.4: PBET Setup – View of PBET Tank with Separatory Funnels ........................... 20 Figure 3.1: Bioaccessible Pb Over Time ........................................................................... 24 Figure 3.2: Bioaccessible Pb Over Time (Day 7 to Day 15) .............................................. 25 Figure 3.3: Concentration vs. pH: Low Starting pH ......................................................... 27 Figure 3.4: Concentration vs. pH: High/Neutral Starting pH ........................................... 28 viii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1: Soil Treatments – Variations of Lime and Lye ................................................ 15 Table 3.1: Initial Pb and Ca Soil Concentrations from FAA Analysis ................................ 22 Table 3.2: Amendment Additions ................................................................................... 23 Table 3.3: Soil Sample Comparison: PBET at pH 3 and pH 1.8 ........................................ 29 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ALTERNATE TERMS i. PBET Physiologically based extraction test ii. FAA Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer iii. GFAA Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy iv. Pb lead v. Lime Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) ) 2 vi. Lye Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) vii. Pyromorphite Chloropyromorphite (Pb (PO ) Cl) 5 4 3 viii. PA phosphoric acid (H PO ) 3 4 ix. DI deionized (usually referring to deionized water) x. Soln solution xi. Conc concentration xii. Std. Dev standard deviation xiii. MDL method detection limit
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