Billionaires in World Politics PDF
Preview Billionaires in World Politics
OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/7/2020,SPi Billionaires in World Politics OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/7/2020,SPi OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/7/2020,SPi Billionaires in World Politics PETER HÄGEL 1 OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/7/2020,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©PeterHägel2020 ThisbookisadoctoralthesiswrittenatHumboldt-UniversitätzuBerlin, FacultyofHumanitiesandSocialSciences. Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2020 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2020931639 ISBN 978–0–19–885271–1 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,ElcografS.p.A. LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/7/2020,SPi Inmemoryofmyfather,fromwhomIlearnedtolookatthebigpicture, andforPauline,whohasdrawnmymindtopeople’sstories. OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/7/2020,SPi OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/7/2020,SPi Acknowledgments Arriving at this stage has involved a long voyage, and many friends, family members, and colleagues have supported me throughout the process, for which Iamdeeplygrateful. I thank my supervisor Hans-Peter Müller, whose enthusiasm for my research hasallowedmetoturnitintoadissertation,andwhoseencouragementandadvice have helped me to pull it off. He pointed me to Max Weber’s thinking about prophets,whichhasproventobeafruitfulnotionwhencontemplatingtheroleof billionairesintoday’sworld.InadditiontoHans-PeterMüller,WolfgangMerkel, Friedbert Rüb, Jochen Steinbicker, and Seongcheol Kim have constituted an excellentvivajury,whosecommentshaveaidedmeinimprovingmymanuscript forthebookpublication. JochenSteinbickerhasalsohelpedmealotwiththefirstpublicationofpartsof my research, and his remarks during our conversations have contributed to clarifying and solidifying a number of points—thank you! Richard Beardsworth hasbeenakeenadvocateofmybillionairesprojectfromthefirstsketchestothe final publication—I am much obliged. I have appreciated Anja Röcke’s useful comments, as well as the ideas emerging out of my talks with Oliver Feltham, Geoff Gilbert, Dan Gunn, Jayson Harsin, Peter Hyll Larsen, Michelle Kuo, and Steve Sawyer. Celeste Schenck, as well as Renate Stauß, Simon Raiser, Björn Warkalla,JokeHaafkens,CarolineJuillard,andHenriPeretznevertiredofurging metofinish—thankyouforyourtrustandyourassistance. The participants of the “Bringing the Individual Back In—International Relations and the First Image” workshop at the ECPR Joint Sessions in St. Gallen, April 12–17, 2011, were among the first to provide feedback on my nascent research project—thank you for your comments, especially Bernd Bucher, who helped me to refine my understanding of agency. I have also benefitted from the feedback on my presentation at the “From the ‘Passion for Equality’ to the Struggle Against Inequalities: Realities and Representations” conferenceatTheAmericanUniversityofParis,hostedbytheCenterforCritical DemocracyStudiesandTheTocquevilleSociety,February5/6,2016.Likewise,Iam grateful for the remarks at the symposium on “Soziale Ungleichheit der Lebensführung”atHumboldt-UniversitätzuBerlin,January13/14,2017,notably Ronald Hitzler’s recommendation to look at how billionaires relate to Machiavelli’sunderstandingofpoliticalaction. AtOxfordUniversityPress,DominicByatthasbeenakeysupporterfromthe beginningtotheend,JayashreeThirumaran,OliviaWellsandMatthewWilliams OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/7/2020,SPi viii haveensuredanincrediblysmoothpublishingprocess,andPhilDineshasbeena verymeticulouscopy editor.Manythankstoallofthem,andtotheanonymous reviewerforher/hisendorsementandthevaluablecomments,whichhavehelped metorestructureandimprovemymanuscript.Ihavealsobeenimpressedbyhow OUP’sdesignteamturnedmyvagueideaintoapowerfulcoverimage. Over the years, Pauline’s unwavering confidence and backing has been priceless—thank you for sharing your strength and your intellect with me. Ezra and Armin have made me happy and proud—keep it up! Last but not least, I thank my parents for all that they made possible, and my sisters for being by myside. OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/7/2020,SPi Contents ListofFiguresandTables xi ListofAbbreviations xiii 1. Introduction 1 Delineating“BillionairesasTransnationalActorsinWorldPolitics” 9 OutlineoftheBook 12 2. IndividualsinInternationalRelations 15 IndividualsinRecentIRScholarship 21 AnalyzingVarietiesofAgency 34 3. TheStructuralContextforBillionaires 46 MaterialChanges:GlobalizationandPeace 53 IdeationalChanges:TheRiseofNeoliberalism 61 InstitutionalChanges:TheCompetitionStateandGlobalGovernance 70 4. ThePoliticalAgencyofBillionaires 90 Capacities:CapitalandEntrepreneurship 91 Goals:Security,Wealth,andEsteem 100 Power:IndividualFreedomandItsLimits 110 5. Security 117 ElectioneeringSecurity:SheldonAdelsonandIsrael-Palestine 119 FundingInsurgency?RajRajaratnamandtheTamilTigers 145 6. Economy 154 ProtectingFossilFuels:TheKochBrothersandClimateChange 155 ValorizingConservatism:RupertMurdoch’sOpinion-Shaping 170 7. SocialEntrepreneurship 185 FightingDiseases:BillGatesandGlobalHealthGovernance 188 BuildingOpenSocieties:GeorgeSorosas“StatelessStatesman” 214 8. AnalyticalConclusion 236 Billionairesas“Super-Actors”oraGlobal“Super-Class”? 237 IndividualAgencywithintheInternationalSystem 246 GlobalOligarchyandDemocracy 259 Bibliography 271 Index 335
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