Bilingual Education in China: Practices, Policies and Concepts PDF
Preview Bilingual Education in China: Practices, Policies and Concepts
Bilingual Education in China BILINGUALEDUCATIONANDBILINGUALISM SeriesEditors:ProfessorColinBaker,UniversityofWales,Bangor,Wales,GreatBritain andProfessorNancyH.Hornberger,UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,USA RecentBooksintheSeries NegotiationofIdentitiesinMultilingualContexts AnetaPavlenkoandAdrianBlackledge(eds) BeyondtheBeginnings:LiteracyInterventionsforUpperElementaryEnglish LanguageLearners AngelaCarrasquillo,StephenB.KucerandRuthAbrams BilingualismandLanguagePedagogy JaninaBrutt-GrifflerandMankaVarghese(eds) LanguageLearningandTeacherEducation:ASocioculturalApproach MargaretR.Hawkins(ed.) TheEnglishVernacularDivide:PostcolonialLanguagePoliticsandPractice VaidehiRamanathan BilingualEducationinSouthAmerica Anne-MariedeMejía(ed.) TeacherCollaborationandTalkinMultilingualClassrooms AngelaCreese WordsandWorlds:WorldLanguagesReview F.Martí,P.Ortega,I.Idiazabal,A.Barreña,P.Juaristi,C.Junyent,B.UrangaandE.Amorrortu LanguageandAginginMultilingualContexts KeesdeBotandSinfreeMakoni FoundationsofBilingualEducationandBilingualism(4thedn) ColinBaker BilingualMinds:EmotionalExperience,ExpressionandRepresentation AnetaPavlenko(ed.) RaisingBilingual-BiliterateChildreninMonolingualCultures StephenJ.Caldas Language,SpaceandPower:ACriticalLookatBilingualEducation SaminaHadi-Tabassum Developing MinorityLanguageResources GuadalupeValdés,JoshuaA.Fishman,RebeccaChávezandWilliamPérez LanguageLoyalty,LanguagePlanningandLanguageRevitalization:RecentWritings andReflectionsfromJoshuaA.Fishman NancyH.HornbergerandMartinPütz(eds) LanguageLoyalty,ContinuityandChange:JoshuaA.Fishman’sContributionsto InternationalSociolinguistics OfeliaGarcia,RakhmielPeltzandHaroldSchiffman BilingualEducation:An IntroductoryReader OfeliaGarcíaandColinBaker(eds) DisinventingandReconstitutingLanguages SinfreeMakoniandAlastairPennycook(eds) LanguageandIdentityinaDualImmersionSchool KimPotowski Formoredetailsoftheseoranyotherofourpublications,pleasecontact: MultilingualMatters,FrankfurtLodge,ClevedonHall, VictoriaRoad,Clevedon,BS217HH,England http://www.multilingual-matters.com BILINGUAL EDUCATION AND BILINGUALISM 64 Series Editors: Colin Baker and Nancy H. Hornberger Bilingual Education in China Practices, Policies and Concepts Edited by Anwei Feng MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD Clevedon • Buffalo (cid:127) Toronto To Jing, Jennifer, and Angela with whom I converse in different languages, from whom I draw motivation and inspiration. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data BilingualEducationinChina:Practices,PoliciesandConcepts/EditedbyAnweiFeng. Bilingual Education and Bilingualism: 64 Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Education, Bilingual–China–Cross-cultural studies. 2. Bilingualism–China– Cross-cultural studies. I. Feng, Anwei LC3737.C6B35 2007 370.1170951–dc22 2007000086 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-13: 978-1-85359-992-7 (hbk) ISBN-13: 978-1-85359-991-0 (pbk) Multilingual Matters Ltd UK: Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon BS21 7HH. USA: UTP, 2250 Military Road, Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA. Canada: UTP, 5201 Dufferin Street, North York, Ontario M3H 5T8, Canada. Copyright © 2007 Anwei FENG and the authors of individual chapters. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. The policy of Multilingual Matters/Channel View Publications is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products, made from wood grown in sustainable forests. In the manufacturing process of our books, and to further support our policy, preference is given to printers that have FSC and PEFC Chain of Custody certification. The FSC and/or PEFC logos will appear on those books where full certification has been granted to the printer concerned. Typeset by TechBooks Ltd. Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd. P1:OTE/SPH P2:OTE MMBK003-Feng May1,2007 19:17 Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix TheContributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 1 Introduction AnweiFeng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part1: Policy,CurriculumandIdeologicalOrientations 2 BilingualorMultilingualEducationinChina:Policyand LearnerExperience AgnesS.L.Lam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 DepoliticisationintheEnglishCurriculum BobAdamson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4 LanguageinTibetanEducation:TheCaseoftheNeidiban GerardPostiglione,BenJiao,andManlaji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Part2: VarietiesinBilingualEducation 5 TypologyofBilingualismandBilingualEducationinChinese MinorityNationalityRegions QingxiaDaiandYanyanCheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6 TheJuggernautofChinese–EnglishBilingualEducation GuangweiHu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 7 ResearchandPr acticeofTibetan–ChineseBilingualEducation MinggangWanandShanxinZhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Part3: PracticesandUnderpinningPrinciples 8 IntegratedEnglish—ABilingualTeachingModelinSouthern China ZengjunFengandJinjunWang. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 9 ImplementingLanguagePolicy:LessonsfromPrimarySchool English EllenYuefengZhangandBobAdamson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 v P1:OTE/SPH P2:OTE MMBK003-Feng April7,2007 7:0 vi Contents 10 ChallengesandProspectsofMinorityBilingualEducationin China—AnAnalysisofFourProjects HeidiCobbey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 11 FactsandConsiderationsAboutBilingualEducationin ChineseUniversities PanJiazhen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Part4: EnglishProvisionforMinorityStudents 12 Teachers’PerceptionsofChinese–EnglishBilingual TeachinginGuangxi BinlanHuang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 13 EFLEducationinEthnicMinorityAreasinNorthwest China:AnInvestigationalStudyinGansuProvince QiuxiaJiang,QuanguoLiu,XiaohuiQuanandCaiqinMa . . . . . 240 Conclusion 14 InterculturalSpaceforBilingualEducation AnweiFeng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 P1:OTE/SPH P2:OTE MMBK003-Feng April7,2007 7:0 Foreword MuchisknownaboutbilingualeducationinNorthAmericaandinWestern Europe.TheworldknowsverylittleaboutbilingualeducationinChina. Thatiswhythisbookissoimportant.Itopensup,almostforthefirsttime, varieties of bilingual education in China and the practices and ideology thatsurroundsbilingualeducationinthislargeandgrowinglyimportant regionoftheworld. It has often been stated that there are more speakers of Mandarin ChinesethanofEnglishintheworld.Oneestimateisthatthereare1200mil- lion speakers of Chinese Mandarin as a first or second language in the world,comparedwith750millionspeakersofEnglishasafirstorsecond language. One favorite question from students that follows this remark is “what is the future of Mandarin Chinese relative to English in the re- mainderofthiscentury?’’Languagepredictionisdifficultifnotimpossible, witnessthedeathofLatinandthelifeofEnglish.Butthequestionsubtly suggeststhatthenumbersofspeakersofanylanguageanditsfuturestatus andpowerarenotseparateissues. As this book reveals, English and Mandarin Chinese cannot be kept separate.ThisbookengagestherelationshipbetweenMandarinChinese andEnglishinitsadditiverelationship.Variouschaptersfocusonbilingual educationasasiteforthesetwoeminentlanguagestobecombined.The bookthrowslightonthehistory,philosophy,politics,policy,provision,and practiceofthecombinationofthesetwoworldlanguageswithineducation inChina. ApartfromrecentdevelopmentsinbilingualeducationusingEnglish andMandarinChinese,thisbookalsoexaminesminoritylanguageeduca- tion experiences in China where bilingual education concerns Mandarin Chineseplusoneofthemanylesser-usedlanguagesinChina. Thereisawonderfulvarietyofvoicesinthisbookthataddstothenovel natureofitscontents.Suchavarietyofvoiceincludesnotonlypedagogical understandingsbutalsoimportanthistoricalandpoliticalcontextualiza- tion.Suchmultidisciplinaryviewpointsindicatethatbilingualeducation inChinaisafastdeveloping,politicallyandeconomicallyimportant,and educationallysignificantactivity. vii P1:OTE/SPH P2:OTE MMBK003-Feng April7,2007 7:0 viii Foreword ThiseagerlyawaitedbooksharesEasternviewpointsandunderstand- ings that are sometimes varied from the dominant Western writings on bilingualeducation.Conceptualizationsnaturallydifferasthereisanhis- torical legacy from centuries of Chinese philosophy, politics, and policy that frame bilingual education in a way that is valuably fresh and chal- lengingforWesternreaders. ColinBaker P1:OTE/SPH P2:OTE MMBK003-Feng April7,2007 7:0 Acknowledgement Thisvolumeforthefirsttimeputstwostrandsofstudiessidebysideon bilingualismandbilingualeducationinChina,onefortheminoritynation- alitygroupsandtheotherforthemajority,andexaminestherelationship betweenthetwo.Inthewholeprocessofcompilingthisvolume,Iowea greatdealtotwointernationallyrespectedscholarsinbilingualeducation. Sincetheveryinitialstagewhenthisinitiativewasformulated,Professor ColinBakerhasalwayssupporteditinallwaysspiritually,technically,and academically.Withouthisvisionandsupport,thisvolumewouldneverbe possible. An equally significant role is played by Professor Mike Byram, acolleagueandalifetimementor.Hereviewedthedraftsofmanyofthe chapters included and gave not only useful comments on the drafts but moreimportantlyinsightfulsuggestionsforthecompilationofthewhole volume.Fromthesetwoscholars,Ihavewitnessedtruequalitiesofprolific andefficientacademicswhoareatthesametimegenerousinofferingtime andhelptoothers. In writing this, I would also like to express my gratitude for all the contributorstothisvolume,notonlyfortheinsights,views,research,and experiencestheyshareintheirindividualchaptersbuttheirreadinessto cooperate in every way to make this volume a quality one. It was sheer pleasureandhonourformetoworkwithsuchanagreeableandmutually supportive team consisting of a diversity of authors in terms of cultural background,academicinterest,andexpertiseinbilingualismandbilingual education. ThanksalsogotoDrMikeFleming,DirectoroftheResearchOfficeinthe SchoolofEducationofDurhamUniversity,whoisalwaystheretosupport staffresearchandpublicationandtorespondtorequestsforassistance.My gratitudealsogoestotheCentreforContemporaryChinaStudies,Durham University,forthefinancialsupportIreceivedforarelatedbilingualedu- cationprojectthefindingsofwhichbenefitthelastchapterofthisvolume. Lastbutnotleast,IsincerelythankMsLihongWangandMissJenniferFeng fortheireffortstotranslateorretranslatesomechaptersfromChineseto English. ix P1:OTE/SPH P2:OTE MMBK003-Feng April7,2007 7:0 The Contributors Dr Bob Adamson is an Associate Professor in the Department of Cur- riculum and Instruction at Hong Kong Institute of Education, where he iscoordinatoroftheDoctorofEducationprogramme.Hehaspublished inthefieldsofEnglishlanguageteaching,teachereducation,comparative education, curriculum studies, and higher education. His books include China’sEnglish,astudyoftheofficialEnglishLanguagetextbooksandsyl- labusesforsecondaryschoolsinChinasince1949;HigherEducationinPost- MaoChina(coeditedwithMichaelAgelasto);andChangingtheCurriculum (coeditedwithTammyKwanandChanKaKi). DrBenJiao isaTibetanfromtheTibetanAutonomousRegion.Heearned hisdoctorateinAnthropologyattheCaseWesternReserveUniversityin theUnitedStates.HeisSeniorResearchFellow,InstituteforContemporary TibetStudies,TibetAcademyofSocialScience,Lhasa,Tibet. ProfessorYanyanCheng teachesandsupervisesMAstudentsinlinguis- tics in the College of Minority Languages and Literature at the Central University for Minorities in Beijing. She is secretary-general of Interna- tional Bilingual Society, vice secretary-general of Chinese Minority Lan- guages Studies Society. Her major research interests include studies of modern Hazak and contrastive studies of modern Hazak and Mandarin Chinese.Shehaspublishedbooks,bookchapters,andarticlesinthesear- eas.Sheisnowinchargeof“theContrastiveStudiesofModernHazakand MandarinChineseV erbalClausesBasedontheSecondLanguageTeaching andLearning’’project. HeidiCobbey worksfortheEastAsiaGroupofSILInternationalandhas lived in China for 10 years. Her focus is on researching needs of minor- itylanguagespeakersinChinaandimplementingprogramsthatfocuson mothertongueeducation.ShecurrentlyworksinXishuangbannaPrefec- tureinYunnanProvince,managingabilingualeducationprojectamong theDaiminoritypeoplegroup. Professor Qingxia Dai teaches and supervises PhD students and post- doctoral fellows in linguistics in the College of Minority Languages and x
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