big red book of Spanish grammar

514 Pages·2008·2.23 MB·English

THE
B IG RED
BOOK OF
SPANISH GRAMMAR
Also in this series:
Gordon, Stillman, Th e Big Red Book of Spanish Verbs
Gordon, Stillman, Th e Big Red Book of Spanish Verbs with CD-ROM
Th omas, Th omas, Nash, Richmond, Th e Big Red Book of Spanish
Vocabulary
Stillman, Gordon, Th e Big Blue Book of French Verbs
Stillman, Gordon, Th e Big Blue Book of French Verbs with CD-ROM
Listen, Di Donato, Franklin, Th e Big Yellow Book of German Verbs
Listen, Di Donato, Franklin, Th e Big Yellow Book of German Verbs
with CD-ROM
Maes-Christie, Franklin, Th e Big Green Book of Italian Verbs
Maes-Christie, Saggese, Franklin, Th e Big Green Book of Italian Verbs
with CD-ROM
Franke, Th e Big Silver Book of Russian Verbs
Betts, Franklin, Th e Big Gold Book of Latin Verbs
THE
B IG RED
BOOK OF
SPANISH GRAMMAR
Dora del Carmen Vargas, Ph.D.
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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DOI: 10.1036/0071547584
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Contents
1. Articles 1
Defi nite Article Forms 1 Uses of the Indefi nite Article 20
Uses of the Defi nite Article 3 The Neuter Article lo 27
Indefi nite Article Forms 19
2. Nouns 30
Gender of Nouns 30 Collective Nouns 46
Number of Nouns 36 Uses of Nouns 46
Compound Nouns 43 Agreement of Nouns 49
3. The Present Indicative 62
Regular Verbs in the Present Tense 62 Verbs like gustar 72
Irregular Verbs in the Present Tense 66 Uses of the Present Indicative 73
Refl exive Verbs 72 The Verbs ser and estar 75
4. Adjectives 84
Classifi cation of Adjectives 84 Numerals 138
Descriptive Adjectives 85 Indefi nite Adjectives 165
Comparative and Superlative Forms 116 Interrogative and Exclamatory
Demonstrative Adjectives 124 Adjectives 190
Possessive Adjectives 127
(cid:2) v
5. The Future Tense 192
The Informal Future 192 The Future Perfect Tense 198
The Simple Future 193
6. The Preterit Tense 200
Preterit Endings for Regular Verbs 200 Uses of the Preterit Tense 206
Irregular Preterit Forms 201 Verbs That Change Their Meaning in
Changes in the Verb Stem in the Preterit 209
the Preterit 202 Contrasts Between the Preterit Tense
Changes in the Endings in and the Imperfect Tense 210
the Preterit 205
7. The Imperfect Tense 213
Regular Verbs in the Imperfect 213 Typical Expressions That Trigger
Irregular Verbs in the Imperfect 214 the Imperfect Tense 217
Uses of the Imperfect Tense 215
8. The Conditional Tense 218
Regular Forms of the Conditional The Conditional Perfect Tense 224
Tense 218 Uses of the Conditional Perfect
Irregular Stem Forms 219 Tense 224
Uses of the Conditional Tense 220
9. The Present Participle 226
Endings of the Present Participle 226 Uses of the Present Participle 228
Stems of the Present Participle 227
10. The Past Participle 235
Forms of the Past Participle 235 Uses of the Past Participle 237
vi (cid:2)(cid:2) CCOONNTTEENNTTSS
11. The Present Perfect Indicative 241
Forms of the Present Perfect Tense 241 Uses of the Present Perfect Tense 242
12. The Past Perfect Indicative 244
Forms of the Past Perfect Tense 244 Uses of the Past Perfect Tense 245
13. The Infinitive 248
Uses of the Infi nitive 248
14. The Subjunctive 259
Elements of a Subjunctive Sentence 259 The Present Subjunctive 264
Structure of a Subjunctive Sentence 260 The Imperfect Subjunctive 276
Verbs That Trigger the Subjunctive The Present Perfect Subjunctive 285
in the Dependent Clause 261 The Pluperfect Subjunctive 287
15. The Imperative 291
The Ud. and Uds. Formal Commands 291 The Impersonal Commands 311
The túInformal or Familiar Commands Expressed with the
Commands 295 Present Tense 311
The Plural of the tú Informal Commands Expressed with the
Command 301 Future Tense 313
The First Person Plural nosotros
Commands (Let’s Commands) 306
16. Pronouns 315
Personal (Subject) Pronouns 315 Possessive Pronouns 351
Direct Objects and Direct Object Relative Pronouns 355
Pronouns 322 Interrogative Pronouns 374
Indirect Objects and Indirect Object Indefi nite Pronouns 382
Pronouns 330 Refl exive Pronouns 386
Demonstrative Pronouns 347 Constructions with se 393
CCOONNTTEENNTTSS (cid:2)(cid:2) vii
17. Prepositions 401
Simple Prepositions 401 Functions of Prepositions 425
Simple Prepositions in Compound General Notes on Preposition Usage 426
Words 422 Uses of Specifi c Prepositions 427
Compound Prepositions 423
18. Adverbs 435
Classifi cation of Adverbs 435 Adverbial Complements 448
Uses of Adverbs 443 Adverbial Phrases 449
Position of Adverbs 447 Functions of Adverbs 449
19. Conjunctions 455
Coordinating Conjunctions 455 Subordinating Conjunctions 458
20. Interjections 463
Categories of Interjections 463
Appendix 466
Appendix A Accents 466 Appendix D Sample Conjugations
Appendix B Classifi cation of Words 475 with the Pronoun vos 481
Appendix C Division of Words into Appendix E Punctuation 489
Syllables 477
Index 495
viii (cid:2)(cid:2) CCOONNTTEENNTTSS