Table Of Content

0b/)- L- 0 Ty? 79k;£ 5 2 AAG 2 Big Isiand Il: Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Big Island Plant Cluster Clermontia drepanomorpha (from Wagner et al. 1990). PEDSZ-O3Y ZAE (As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostthee wirsesit unse gof o ur land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our e.. *rgy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island Territories under U.S. administration. \\ BIG ISLAND Il: ADDENDUM TO THE RECOVERY PLAN FOR THE BIG ISLAND PLANT CLUSTER Publishebd y US. Fish and Wildlife Service Portland, Oregon DISCLAIMER Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to recover and/or protect listed species. Plans are published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and sometimes prepared with the assistance of recovery teams, contrStaate cagetncioes,r ansd o,the rs. Objewicll bte aittaivnede ansd a ny necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities. Cosis indicated for task implementation and/or time for achievement of recovery are estiandm suabjectt teo cshan ge. These costs are inclusive of estimated salaries for individuals who would carry out the identified task. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views, official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in plan formulation, other than the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. They represent the official position of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service only after they have been signed by the Regional Director or Direacs tappororved . Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery tasks. Literature Citation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998. Big IslanIdI : Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Big Island Plant Cluster. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 80 pages + appendices. Addicopites miay obe pnurchaasedl fr om: Fish and Wildlife RefereSnercveic e 5430 GrosvLanee,n Suoiter 1 10 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 telephone: 301-492-6403 or 1-800-582-3421 fax: 301-564-4059 e-mail: [email protected] Fees for plans vary depending on the number of pages. \S ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Big Island II Addendum was prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) biologist Karen “Kitti” Jensen, Pacific Islands Ecoregion, Honolulu, Hawaii. Invaluable assistance was provided by the Service’s Division of EcolSerovicges iBig cIslaand lTea m. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Current Species Status: This serves as an addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Big IslandI I Plant Cluster Recovery Plan (Service 1996b). This addendum covers 13 plant taxa endemic to the island of Hawaii (Big ‘slaanll dlis)te,d a s endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. The current known numbers of populations and total numbers of individuals are as follows, listed by wild populations and populaations that are cultivated in gardens or outplinaton extcloesudres : Taxon wild cultivated/outplanted Clermontia drepanomorpha 6 237-292 Cyanea platyphylla 29 1 12 Hibiscadelphus giffardianus 1 9 Hibiscadelphus huaialaiensis 3 30 Melicope zahlbruckneri 2 30-35 Neraudia ovata 3 11 Phyllostegia racemosa 3 35-45 Phyllostegia velutina 5 63-116 Phyllostegia warshaueri 4 5-10 Pleomele hawaiiensis 9 274-324 Pritchardia schatiaueri 3 12 2 72 Sicyos alba 2 21 Zanthoxylum dipetalum 1 24 1 20 (approx.) var. tomentosum. All of these taxa are endemic to the Big Island. Habitat Requirande Lmimietinng tFacstor s: The Big Island is the largest, highest, and youngest of the Hawaiian Islands, and was built by at least six volcanic mountains. As a result, the taxa included in this adderdum grow in a variety of vegetative communities (shrublands, forest, and mixed communities), elevational zones (lowland to montane), and moisture regimes (dry to wet). They and their habitats are currently threatened by one or more of the following: habitat degradation by feral or domestic animals (goats, pigs, cattle, and sheep); competiftori sopance , light, water, and nutrients by introduced vegetation; fire, a threat which is exacerbated by introduced grasses; direct human perturbatisounc h as recreaand tmiliitaory nactaiviltie s; pest invertebrates; disease; and vulnerability to random events and genetic limitations due to small population size. Recovery Objectives: The ultimate objective for all taxa is delisting. Interim, downanld deilistsing tcritierian arge pr,ovid ed. It iss uggtehats rtecoeverdy of Big Island II Plant Cluster taxa be pursued via the establishment of management units in order to make the most efficient use of available resources and to conserve not only these taxa, but their habitats. Recovery Criteria: The following criteria may be revised as more information is obtaabouit snpecieficd ta xa. dsesten caltadl The interim objective is to stabilize all existing populations of the Big Island II taxa. To be considered stable, each taxon must be managed to control threats (e.g., fenced) and be representien da r 2x situ cuilection. In additai moinnim,um total of three populations of each taxon should be documented on the Big Island. Each of these populations must be naturally reproducing and increasing in number, with a minimum of 25 mature individuals per population (minimum of 75 mature plants) for long-lived perennials, a minimum of 50 mature individuals per population (minimum of 150 mature plants) for short-lived perennials, and a minimum of 100 mature individuals per population (minimum of 300 mature planfort asnnu)als . Downlistine criteri For downl: sting, a total of five to seven populations of each taxon should be documented on the Big Island. Each of these populations must be naturally reproducing, stable or increasing in number, and secure from threats, with a minimum of 100 mature individuals per population for long-lived perennials, a minimum of 300 mature individuals per population for short-lived perennials, and a minimum of 500 mature individuals per population for annuals. Each population should persist at this level for a minimum of 5 consecutive years before downliiss ctonisinderged . Delisting criteri For delisting, a total of 8 to 10 populations of each taxon should be documented on the Big Island. Each of these populations must be naturally reproducing, stable or increasing in number, and secure from threats, with a minimum of 100 mature individuals per population for long-lived perennials, a minimum of 300 individuals per population for short-lived perennials, and a minimum of 500 mature individuals per population for annuals. Each populshaoutld iperosinst at this level for a minimum of 5 consecutive years. y| Actions Needed: 1. Protect current populations and manage threats. 2. Conduct essential research. 3. Expand existing wild populations, as necessary. 4. Create new populations within historical range, as necessary. 5. Evaluate and validate recovery objectives. Total Estimated Cost of Recovery ($1,600) for the Big Island and Big Island II Plants Clus*<rs. Some costs are yet to be determined*: Year Need! Need2 Need3 Need4 Need5S Total 1996 279 0 91 146 0 516 1997 542 0 9] 146 0 779 1998 752 0 131 214 0 1097 1999 723 0 131 214 0 1068 2000 680 0 13} 214 0 1025 2001 649 238 129 214 0 1230 2002 629 238 11] 85 0 1063 2003 480 238 11] 85 0 914 2004 480 238 111 85 0 944 2005 480 238 111 85 30 944 2006 345 238 55 71 30 501 2007 345 0 26 62 30 433 2008 345 0 26 62 0 433 2009 345 0 26 62 0 433 2010 345 0 26 62 0 433 2011 345 0 26 62 0 433 2012 345 0 26 62 0 433 2013 345 0 26 62 0 433 2014 345 0 26 62 0 433 2015 345 0 26 62 0 433 2016 169 0 10 24 0 203 Total 9313 1,190 1,447 2,141 90 «14,181 *Recovery costs for the taxa in this addendum are based on a ratio of 13/22 from the original estimates of the Recovery Plan for the Big Island Plant Cluster. Original cost estimates were provided by cooperators currently implementing iil Date of Recovery: To be determined once more is known about the biology and population dynamics of the Big Island II Plant Cluster. lj TABOF LCONETEN TS Page MEXCUTIVE GUGGARY 2... ccc cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccees iii EE cnc dbdcoccccccceccccceceésecsesececseéeoesectes I ET 2i o on nnn0so0ee0seeeeeseneeeeseseseeeseseses I 2. General Descripotf iHaobinta t ........ 6. ceceee nees 4 3. Reasons for Decline and Current Threats ..... 2... eee e nee a 4. Overall ComservatEifofonrt s ...cc.c cc.c cc.cccc.ccc.sccc.ccc es 10 EE 5006066 cocccscccccccccedéeceéococccccoccces 13 Clermontia drepamomorpha ..... 6.6.6e6cw n uns 13 CTD. cccceccecececcoccecesceossceceococes 16 Hibiscadelphus giffardianus ....... 2... 666 ccc cen neues 19 Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis ...6..6.066. .ce.ce. nes 21 PEED cccccocescccceceoaceenecenccecccets 24 | EEPPOTTTITTTTTTTTTITTT TTIT TTTTT TTTTT TTe 27 PRED © 0 coccccccccecscoecesseeeonccocoeces 30 FUMED o ccccccccccccccccccccececeococccesecs 32 Phyllostegia warshaweri ... 6. eee enn unns 35 PR IED 0 cccccccccccccdecccoeccccccocccsccese 38 PURGING cc ncncccccceccccoccscceseccooecscce 41 PGE coccccecccccccccecenccencccocesecesceeceocees 43 Zanthdipeotalxum yvatl. toumenmtos um .... 6. oo ce 46 6. Overall Recovery Strategy ..... 6... ccc cece ene e neues 48 PPPPPPPYYTTITITITITITITTTTTTTTTTT TTrTTrTT TrrTrT Tre e 49 Se GED coccccccccccccccccccccccocccccccccoenccoeeceses 49 Be SD ccc cccccccccccccccccccccccceocccoccecccoes $7 3. Stopdown Nesrative 22... . ccc cc cccccccccccccccccccsseesceess 57 LITERATURE CITED |. ooo. en eues 59 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ..... 2.1066e6cu6 nee 68 APPENDIX H - AGENCY AND PEER REVIEWERS ................. H-1 APPENDIX I - LINE DRAWINGS OF PLANTS ..2..... 666.66 .ce n I-1 APPENDIX J - MAPS DEPICTING DISTRIBUTION OF TAXA ......... J-1 a] LIOSF TTABL ES Table 1. Summary of Big Island II Plant Cluster habitat types and associated SEDGE cccccccccccnccenecsdsccnccodevcccessndecdedooes 5 Table 2. Summary of threats to taxa in the Big Island I Plant Cluster ...... 51 Table 3. Seeds, cultures, and plants of the Big Island [I Piant Cluster in storage and/or propagation in ex sifu collections ................ 12 Table 4. napcentn-ess ‘ay: >h ppa aeea aa azamnaaia EEE cceddcvocecoeseacecececoeccessecss 51 LIOFS FITGUR ES : Location of Potential Areas on the Island of Hawaii for Consideration as Management Units for the Hawaii Plant SPEED covcvccccncccocececscocecceesesoeses 56 x