Bidayah al-Hikmah (Arabic-English) [The Elements of Islamic Metaphysics]

325 Pages·2016·1.2 MB·English

by  Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i

www.alhassanain.org/english

Bidayah al-Hikmah (Arab-English)
[The Elements of Islamic
Metaphysics]

Allama Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai

1
www.alhassanain.org/english

Table of Contents
ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ......................................................................... 11
ﻪﺘﻳﺎﻏو ﻪﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣو ﻦﻔﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﰲ ........................................... 11
INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 12
THE DEFINITION, SUBJECT AND END OF HIKMAH ........... 12
دﻮﺟﻮﻟا ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ تﺎﻴﻠﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻟوﻷا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا ....................................... 13
CHAPTER ONE: THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXISTENCE 13
دﻮﺟﻮﻟ امﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺔﻫاﺪﺑ ﰲ لوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ........................................... 14
1.1. THE SELF-EVIDENT CHARACTER OF THE MEANING OF
EXISTENCE ..............................................................1 5
يﻮﻨﻌﻣ كﱰﺸﻣ دﻮﺟﻮﻟ امﻮﻬﻔﻣ نأ ﰲ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .................................1 6
1.2. THE CONCEPT OF EXISTENCE IS UNIVOCAL ................ 17
ﺎﳍ ضرﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﳌا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﺋاز دﻮﺟﻮﻟ انأ ﰲ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ...........................1 8
1.3. EXISTENCE IS ADDITIONAL TO QUIDDITY .................. 19
ﺔﻴﻫﺎﳌا ﺔﻳرﺎﺒﺘﻋا و دﻮﺟﻮﻟ اﺔﻟﺎﺻأ ﰲ ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .................................. 20
1.4. THE FUNDAMENTAL REALITY OF EXISTENCE ............. 22
ﺔﻜﻜﺸﻣ ةﺪﺣاو ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺣ دﻮﺟﻮﻟ انأ ﰲ ﺲﻣﺎﳋا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............................. 24
1.5. EXISTENCE IS ONE GRADATIONAL REALITY ............... 26
دﻮﺟﻮﻟ اﻪﺑ ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﰲ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ...................................... 28
ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻩﻮﺟﻮ ﺑدﻮﺟﻮﻟ اﺺﺼﲣ : ............................................... 28
1.6. THAT WHICH PARTICULARIZES EXISTENCE ................ 29
Existence is particularized in three aspects: ........................... 29
ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻟا دﻮﺟﻮﻟ امﺎﻜﺣأ ﰲ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ........................................ 31
1.7. NEGATIVE PROPERTIES OF EXISTENCE ...................... 32
ﺮﻣﻷا ﺲﻔﻧ ﲎﻌﻣ ﰲ ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .............................................. 34
1.8. THE MEANING OF ‘THE DOMAIN OF FACTUALITY’........ 35
دﻮﺟﻮﻟ اقوﺎﺴﺗ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺸﻟا ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ........................................... 36
1.9. THINGNESS AND EXISTENCE ...................................3 7
مﺪﻌﻟا ﰲ ﺔﻴﻠﻋ ﻻ و ﺰﻳﺎﲤ ﻻ ﻪﻧأ ﰲ ﺮﺷﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................................. 38
1.10. ABSENCE OF DISTINCTION AND CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
39
ﻪﻨﻋ ﱪﺧ ﻻ ﻖﻠﻄﳌا موﺪﻌﳌا نأ ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ يدﺎﳊا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............................ 40
1.11. ABSOLUTE NON-EXISTENCE ALLOWS OF NO
PREDICATION .......................................................... 41
ﻪﻨﻴﻌﺑ موﺪﻌﳌا ةدﺎﻋإ عﺎﻨﺘﻣ اﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ..................................4 2
2
www.alhassanain.org/english
1.12. WHAT HAS CEASED TO EXIST DOES NOT COME BACK
ITSELF ................................................................... 43
ﻲﻨﻫذ و ﻲﺟرﺎﺧ ﻰﻟإ دﻮﺟﻮﻟا مﺎﺴﻘﻧا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا ............................4 5
CHAPTER TWO: The Division of Existence into External and Mental
............................................................................... 45
ﲏﻫﺬﻟا دﻮﺟﻮﻟ او ﻲﺟرﺎﳋا دﻮﺟﻮﻟ اﰲ لوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............................... 46
2.1: The External Existence and Mental Existence ...................... 47
ﺔﻤﺘﺗ ......................................................................4 9
A SUPPLEMENTARY DISCUSSION ............................... 55
ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻣ مﺎﺴﻘﻧا و ﻩﺮﻴﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻣ و ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻟإ دﻮﺟﻮﻟا مﺎﺴﻘﻧا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا
ﻩﺮﻴﻐﻟ ﺎﻣ و ﻪﺴﻔﻨﻟ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻟإ .........................................................6 2
CHAPTER THREE: The Division of Existence into Existence-in-itself
and Existence-in-something-else, and of Existence-in-itself into
Existence-for-itself and Existence-for-something-else .................. 62
ﻩﲑﻏ ﰲ دﻮﺟﻮﻟ او ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﰲ دﻮﺟﻮﻟ الوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................................. 63
3.1. EXISTENCE-IN-ITSELF AND EXISTENCE-IN-SOMETHING-
ELSE ......................................................................6 4
ﻞﻘﺘﺴﳌا و ﻂﺑاﺮﻟا فﻼﺘﺧا ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................................... 65
3.2. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COPULATIVE AND
INDEPENDENT EXISTENCE .......................................... 66
ﻪﺴﻔﻨﻟ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻨﻣ و ﻩﲑﻐﻟ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﰲ دﻮﺟﻮﻟ اﻦﻣ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................ 67
3.3. EXISTENCE-IN-ITSELF-FOR-ITSELF AND EXISTENCE-IN-
ITSELF-FOR-SOMETHING-ELSE ..................................... 68
عﺎﻨﺘﻣﻻا و نﺎﻜﻣﻹا و بﻮﺟﻮﻟا ثﻼﺜﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺑاﺮﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا .................. 69
CHAPTER FOUR: The Three Modes: Necessity, Contingency and
Impossibility ................................................................ 69
ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻫرﺎﺼﳓا و ثﻼﺜﻟا داﻮﳌا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﰲ لوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............................ 70
4.1. THE THREEFOLD MODES AND THEIR DEFINITIONS ....... 71
سﺎﻴﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻣ و ﲑﻐﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻣ و تاﺬﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻣ ﱃإ داﻮﳌا ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ مﺎﺴﻘﻧا ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ......... 72
4.2. THE SUB-DIVISIONS OF EACH OF THE MODES ..............7 3
ﻪﺘﻴﻧإ ﻪﺘﻴﻫﺎﻣ دﻮﺟﻮﻟ اﺐﺟاو ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ........................................7 4
4.3. QUIDDITY AND THE NECESSARY BEING .....................7 5
تﺎﻬﳉا ﻊﻴﲨ ﻦﻣ دﻮﺟﻮﻟ اﺐﺟاو تاﺬﻟﺎﺑ دﻮﺟﻮﻟ اﺐﺟاو ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............... 76
4.4. THE NECESSARY BEING IS NECESSARY IN ALL RESPECTS
77
ﺔﻳﻮﻟوﻷﺎﺑ لﻮﻘﻟا نﻼﻄﺑ و ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ﱂ ﺐﳚ ﱂ ﺎﻣ ء ﻲﺸﻟا نأ ﰲ ﺲﻣﺎﳋا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ......... 78
4.5. A THING DOES NOT EXIST UNLESS IT BECOMES
NECESSARY .............................................................7 9
3
www.alhassanain.org/english

نﺎﻜﻣﻹا ﱐﺎﻌﻣ ﰲ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ..............................................8 0
4.6. SOME OTHER MEANINGS OF IMKÂN.......................... 82
ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤﻠﻟ مزﻻ ﻪﻧأ و ,ﻲﻠﻘﻋ رﺎﺒﺘﻋا نﺎﻜﻣﻹا نأ ﰲ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .................... 84
4.7. CONTINGENCY IS ESSENTIAL TO QUIDDITY ................8 5
؟ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ ﻪﺟﺎﻴﺘﺣا ﺔﻠﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻣ و ﺔﻠﻌﻟا ﱃإ ﻦﻜﻤﳌا ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﰲ ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............. 86
4.8. THE CONTINGENT’S NEED FOR A CAUSE .................... 88
ﺎﺛوﺪﺣ ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ جﺎﺘﳏ ﻪﻧأ ﺎﻤﻛ ءﺎﻘﺑ ﻪﺘﻠﻋ ﱃإ جﺎﺘﳏ ﻦﻜﻤﳌا ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .............. 90
4.9. THE CONTINGENT NEEDS A CAUSE EVEN IN
CONTINUANCE .........................................................9 1
ﺎﻬﻣﺎﻜﺣأ و ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻣﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا .........................................9 3
CHAPTER FIVE: Quiddity and Its Properties ......................... 93
ﻲﻫ ﻻإ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﻲﻫ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﳌا لوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................................9 4
5.1. QUIDDITY QUA ITSELF IS NOTHING BUT ITSELF ...........9 5
ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌا ﻦﻣ ﺎ- ﻖﺤﻠﻳ ﺎﻣ و ﺔﻴﻫﺎﳌا تارﺎﺒﺘﻋا ﰲ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ....................... 96
5.2. DIFFERENT CONSIDERATIONS (I’TIBARAT) OF QUIDDITY 97
ﻲﺿﺮﻌﻟا و ﰐاﺬﻟا ﲎﻌﻣ ﰲ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ........................................ 98
5.3. THE MEANING OF ‘ESSENTIAL’ AND ‘ACCIDENTAL’ ......9 9
ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﻖﺤﻠﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺾﻌﺑ و عﻮﻨﻟ او ﻞﺼﻔﻟا و ﺲﻨﳉا ﰲ ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................ 100
5.4. GENUS, DIFFERENTIA AND SPECIES .........................1 02
ﻞﺼﻔﻟا مﺎﻜﺣأ ﺾﻌﺑ ﰲ ﺲﻣﺎﳋا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ........................................1 04
5.5. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENTIA ................1 05
ﻪﻣﺎﻜﺣأ ﺾﻌﺑ و عﻮﻨﻟ اﰲ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ......................................1 06
5.6. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIES ...................... 107
ﺎﳘدﻮﺟو ﻮﳓ و ﻲﺋﺰﳉا و ﻲﻠﻜﻟا ﰲ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............................... 108
5.7. THE UNIVERSAL, AND THE PARTICULAR AND THEIR
MODES OF EXISTENCE .............................................. 109
ﺎﻬﺼﺨﺸﺗ و تﺎﻴﻫﺎﳌا ﺰﻴﲤ ﰲ ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .....................................1 10
5.8. DISTINCTION AND INDIVIDUATION ......................... 111
عاﻮﻧ أﻲﻬﺘﻨﺗ ﺎﻬﻴﻟإ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟا سﺎﻨﺟﻷا ﻲﻫو ﺮﺸﻌﻟا تﻻﻮﻘﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺳدﺎﺴﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا
تﺎﻴﻫﺎﻤﻟا .....................................................................1 13
CHAPTER SIX: The Categories .........................................1 13
تﻻﻮﻘﳌا دﺪﻋ - ضﺮﻌﻟاو ﺮﻫﻮﳉا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ لوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ...........................1 14
6.1. DEFINITIONS OF SUBSTANCE AND ACCIDENT AND THE
NUMBER OF THE CATEGORIES .................................... 115
[ﺮﻫﻮﳉا مﺎﺴﻗأ ﰲ ] ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .............................................1 16
6.2. THE CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCE ...................... 117
4
www.alhassanain.org/english
ﻢﺴﳉا ﰲ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ......................................................1 18
6.3. BODY ...............................................................1 20
ﺔﻴﻤﺴﳉا ةرﻮﺼﻟاو ﱃوﻷا ةدﺎﳌا تﺎﺒﺛإ ﰲ ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............................ 122
6.4 PRIME MATTER AND BODILY FORM ......................... 123
ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟا رﻮﺼﻟا تﺎﺒﺛإ ﰲ ﺲﻣﺎﳋا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ........................................1 24
6.5. SPECIFIC FORMS ................................................. 125
ةرﻮﺼﻟاو ةدﺎﳌا مزﻼﺗ ﰲ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا......................................... 126
6.6. THE INSEPARABILITY OF MATTER AND FORM ............1 27
ىﺮﺧﻷا ﱃإ ﺔﺟﺎﺘﳏ ةرﻮﺼﻟاو ةدﺎﳌا ﻦﻣ ﻼﻛ نأ ﰲ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .................. 128
6.7. MUTUAL NEED BETWEEN MATTER AND FORM ...........1 30
نادﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻞﻘﻌﻟاو ﺲﻔﻨﻟا ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ..........................................1 32
6.8. SOUL AND INTELLECT ..........................................1 33
ﻪﺻاﻮﺧو ﻪﺗﺎﻣﺎﺴﻘﻧاو ﻢﻜﻟا ﰲ ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .....................................1 34
6.9. QUANTITY, ITS KINDS AND PROPERTIES ................... 136
ﻒﻴﻜﻟا ﰲ ﺮﺷﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .....................................................1 38
6.10. QUALITY ......................................................... 139
ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨﻟا تﻻﻮﻘﳌا ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ يدﺎﳊا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .......................................1 40
6.11. THE RELATIVE CATEGORIES .................................1 42
لﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا و ﺔﻠﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا ............................................1 44
CHAPTER SEVEN: The Cause and the Effect ........................ 144
دﻮﺟﻮﻟ اﰲ ﺎﻤ5أ و ﺔﻴﻟﻮﻠﻌﳌا و ﺔﻴﻠﻌﻟا تﺎﺒﺛإ ﰲ لوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .......................1 45
7.1. CAUSALITY INHERES IN EXISTENCE ........................ 146
ﺔﻠﻌﻟا تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻘﻧا ﰲ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .............................................. 147
7.2. KINDS OF CAUSES ...............................................1 48
دﻮـﺟو ﺪـﻨﻋ ﺔـﻠﻌﻟا دﻮـﺟو بﻮـﺟو و ﺔـﻣﺎﺘﻟا ﺔـﻠﻌﻟا دﻮـﺟو ﺪـﻨﻋ لﻮﻠﻌﳌا بﻮﺟو ﰲ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا
لﻮﻠﻌﳌا ..................................................................... 149
7.3. MUTUAL NECESSITY BETWEEN CAUSE AND EFFECT ....1 50
ﺪﺣاﻮﻟا ةﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................................................... 151
7.4. THE RULE OF THE ONE ......................................... 152
ﻞﻠﻌﻟا ﰲ ﻞﺴﻠﺴﺘﻟا و روﺪﻟا ﺔﻟﺎﺤﺘﺳا ﰲ ﺲﻣﺎﳋا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .......................... 153
7.5. IMPOSSIBILITY OF AN INFINITE REGRESS AND VICIOUS
CIRCLE IN CAUSALITY ..............................................1 54
ﺎﻬﻣﺎﺴﻗأ و ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﻟا ﺔﻠﻌﻟا سدﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .......................................1 55
7.6. THE EFFICIENT CAUSE AND ITS KINDS ..................... 157
ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻐﻟا ﺔﻠﻌﻟا ﰲ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .................................................1 59
5
www.alhassanain.org/english

7.7. THE FINAL CAUSE ...............................................1 60
ﲑـﻏ و ﺔـﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا تﺎـﻛﺮﳊ او ﻼﻃﺎـﺑ وأ ﺎـﻓاﺰﺟ وأ ﺎـﺒﻌﻟ ﺪﻌﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻟا تﺎﺒﺛإ ﰲ ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا
ﻚﻟذ .......................................................................1 61
7.8. THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE FINAL CAUSE .................1 62
ﲔـﺑ و لﺎـﻌﻓﻸﻟ ﺔـﻳﺎﻏ ﺪﻌﻳ ﺎﻣ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻄﺑاﺮﻟا ءﺎﻔﺘﻧا ﻮﻫ و قﺎﻔﺗﻻﺎﺑ لﻮﻘﻟا ﻲﻔﻧ ﰲ ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا
ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﻟا ﻞﻠﻌﻟا ...............................................................1 63
7.9. REFUTATION OF CHANCE ......................................1 65
ﺔﻳدﺎﳌا و ﺔﻳرﻮﺼﻟ اﺔﻠﻌﻟا ﰲ ﺮﺷﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ........................................1 67
7.10. FORMAL AND MATERIAL CAUSE ........................... 168
ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻤﺴﳉا ﺔﻠﻌﻟا ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ يدﺎﳊا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ........................................1 69
7.11. THE BODILY CAUSE ............................................1 70
ﺮﻴﺜﻜﻟا و ﺪﺣاﻮﻟا ﻰﻟإ دﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟا مﺎﺴﻘﻧا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻣﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا .........................1 71
CHAPTER EIGHT: The Division of Existence into One and Many . 171
ﲑﺜﻜﻟا و ﺪﺣاﻮﻟا ﲎﻌﻣ ﰲ لوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .........................................1 72
8.1. THE MEANING OF ‘ONE’ AND ‘MANY’....................... 173
ﺪﺣاﻮﻟا مﺎﺴﻗأ ﰲ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .................................................1 75
8.2. THE KINDS OF ‘ONE’ ............................................ 176
ﻞﻤﳊا ﻮﻫ و ﺔﻳﻮﻫﻮﳍ اﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ........................................... 177
8.3. PREDICATION .....................................................1 78
ﻊﺋﺎﺸﻟا ﻞﻤﺤﻠﻟ تﺎﻤﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .........................................1 79
8.4. KINDS OF COMMON PREDICATION .......................... 180
ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻟا و ﺔﻳﲑﻐﻟا ﰲ ﺲﻣﺎﳋا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............................................1 81
8.5. OTHERNESS AND OPPOSITION ................................1 82
ﻒﻳﺎﻀﺘﻟا ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﰲ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............................................1 83
8.6. CORRELATION .................................................... 184
دﺎﻀﺘﻟا ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﰲ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................................................1 85
8.7. CONTRARIETY .................................................... 186
ﺔﻜﻠﳌا و مﺪﻌﻟا ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﰲ ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ......................................... 187
8.8. THE OPPOSITION OF PRIVATION AND POSSESSION ...... 188
ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺘﻟا ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﰲ ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ...............................................1 89
8.9. CONTRADICTION ................................................ 190
ﲑﺜﻜﻟا و ﺪﺣاﻮﻟا ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﰲ ﺮﺷﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ....................................... 191
8.10. THE OPPOSITION OF ONE AND MANY ......................1 92
Note ................................................................... 192
ثوﺪﺤﻟا و مﺪﻘﻟا و قﻮﺤﻠﻟا و ﻖﺒﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺳﺎﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا .......................1 93
6
www.alhassanain.org/english
CHAPTER NINE: Priority and Posteriority, Qidam and Huduth ... 193
ﺔﻴﻌﳌا و ﺎﻤﻬﻣﺎﺴﻗأ و قﻮﺤﻠﻟا و ﻖﺒﺴﻟا ﲎﻌﻣ ﰲ لوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ..................... 194
9. l. THE MEANING OF PRIORITY, POSTERIORITY AND
COEXISTENCE .........................................................1 96
ﻪﻣﺎﺴﻗأ ﰲ ﻖﺒﺴﻟا كﻼﻣ ﰲ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ........................................1 98
9.2. THE CRITERION OF PRIORITY .................................1 99
ﺎﻤﻬﻣﺎﺴﻗأ و ثوﺪﳊا و مﺪﻘﻟا ﰲ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .................................2 00
9.3. QIDAM AND HUDÛTH, AND THEIR KINDS ..................2 02
ﻞﻌﻔﻟا و ةﻮﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ ةﺮﺷﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا ..............................................2 04
CHAPTER TEN: Actuality and Potentiality ........................... 204
دﻮﺟﻮﻟ اةﻮﻘﺑ قﻮﺒﺴﻣ ﱐﺎﻣز ثدﺎﺣ ﻞﻛ لوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .............................2 05
10.1 A TEMPORAL HADITH IS PRECEDED BY POTENTIALITY 207
ﲑﻐﺘﻟا ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﰲ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................................................. 209
10.2. THE KINDS OF CHANGE .......................................2 10
ﺔﻛﺮﳊ اﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﰲ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................................................2 11
10.3. THE DEFINITION OF MOTION ................................ 212
ﺔﻴﻌﻄﻗ و ﺔﻴﻄﺳﻮﺗ ﱃإ ﺔﻛﺮﳊ امﺎﺴﻘﻧا ﰲ ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ..............................2 13
10.4. MEDIATING AND TRAVERSING MOTION .................. 214
ﺎﻫﺎﻬﺘﻨﻣ و ﺔﻛﺮﳊ اإﺪﺒﻣ ﰲ ﺲﻣﺎﳋا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .......................................2 15
10.5. THE ORIGIN AND END OF MOTION ......................... 216
ﺎ- ﺲﺒﻠﺘﻳ يﺬﻟا كﺮﺤﺘﳌا ﻮﻫ و ﺔﻛﺮﳊ اعﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﰲ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................. 217
10.6. THE SUBJECT OF MOTION .................................... 218
كﺮﶈا ﻮﻫ و ﺔﻛﺮﳊ اﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﰲ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ......................................2 19
10.7. THE AGENT OF MOTION, THE MOVER...................... 220
ﺖﺑﺎﺜﻟﺎﺑ ﲑﻐﺘﳌا طﺎﺒﺗرا ﰲ ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .........................................2 21
10.8. THE RELATION OF THE CHANGEABLE TO THE
UNCHANGING .........................................................2 22
ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺎ ﺑكﺮﺤﺘﳌا ﺎﻬﻌﻄﻘﻳ ﱵﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺴﳌا ﰲ ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............................2 23
10.9. THE COURSE OF MOTION .....................................2 24
ﺔﻛﺮﳊ اﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻊﻘﺗ ﱵﻟا تﻻﻮﻘﳌا ﰲ ﺮﺷﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................................. 225
10.10. THE CATEGORIES WHEREIN MOTION OCCURS .........2 27
ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ﰲ ﺮﻣ ﺎﻣ ﺐﻴﻘﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ يدﺎﳊا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .........................2 29
10.11. CONTINUATION OF THE ABOVE DISCUSSION ...........2 31
ﺎﻬﻠﻋﺎﻓ و ﺔﻳﺮﻫﻮﳉا ﺔﻛﺮﳊ اعﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .......................... 233
10.12. THE SUBJECT OF SUBSTANTIAL MOTION AND ITS
AGENT ..................................................................2 34
7
www.alhassanain.org/english

نﺎﻣﺰﻟا ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .................................................2 35
10.13. TIME ............................................................. 237
ﺆﻄﺒﻟا و ﺔﻋﺮﺴﻟا ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ......................................... 239
10.14. FASTNESS AND SLOWNESS ................................. 240
نﻮﻜﺴﻟا ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺲﻣﺎﳋا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ..............................................2 41
10.15. REST ............................................................. 242
ﺔﻛﺮﳊ اتﺎﻣﺎﺴﻘﻧا ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ......................................2 43
ﺔﲤﺎﺧ ....................................................................2 43
10.16. DIVISIONS OF MOTION .......................................2 45
Conclusion ............................................................ 245
مﻮﻠﻌﻤﻟا و ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا و ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺔﻳدﺎﺤﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا ..............................2 47
CHAPTER ELEVEN: Knowledge, Knower, and the Known .........2 47
ﱃوﻷا ﻪﻣﺎﺴﻘﻧا و ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﰲ لوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .................................2 48
11.l. DEFINITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND ITS FIRST DIVISIONS
250
ﻲﺋﺰﺟ و ﻲﻠﻛ ﱃإ ﱄﻮﺼﳊا ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﻢﺴﻘﻨﻳ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............................2 52
11.2. THE DIVISION OF MEDIATED KNOWLEDGE INTO
UNIVERSAL AND PARTICULAR ....................................2 54
ﻲﺋﺰﺟ و ﻲﻠﻛ ﱃإ ﺮﺧآ ﺎﻣﺎﺴﻘﻧا ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﻢﺴﻘﻨﻳ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .......................2 56
11.3. ANOTHER DIVISION OF KNOWLEDGE INTO UNIVERSAL
AND PARTICULAR ....................................................2 57
ﻞﻘﻌﺘﻟا عاﻮﻧ أﰲ ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ..................................................2 58
11.4. KINDS OF INTELLECTION .....................................2 59
ﻞﻘﻌﻟا ﺐﺗاﺮﻣ ﰲ ﺲﻣﺎﳋا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ...............................................2 60
11.5. PLANES OF THE INTELLECT ..................................2 61
ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟا رﻮﺼﻟا ﻩﺬﻫ ﺾﻴﻔﻣ ﰲ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .................................. 262
11.6. THE EMANATING SOURCE OF THE INTELLIGIBLE FORMS
263
ﻖﻳﺪﺼﺗ و رﻮﺼﺗ ﱃإ ﱄﻮﺼﳊا ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﻢﺴﻘﻨﻳ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ........................2 64
11.7. THE DIVISION OF MEDIATED KNOWLEDGE INTO
CONCEPTION AND JUDGEMENT ...................................2 66
يﺮﻈﻧ و ﻲﻬﻳﺪﺑ ﱃإ ﱄﻮﺼﳊا ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﻢﺴﻘﻨﻳ و ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ....................... 268
11.8. DIVISION OF MEDIATED KNOWLEDGE INTO SELF-
EVIDENT AND SPECULATIVE ...................................... 271
يرﺎﺒﺘﻋا و ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﱃإ ﱄﻮﺼﳊا ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﻢﺴﻘﻨﻳ و ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .................... 274
11.9. DIVISION OF MEDIATED KNOWLEDGE INTO HAQÎQÎ AND
I’TIBÂRÎ .................................................................2 75
8
www.alhassanain.org/english
ﺔﻗﺮﻔﺘﻣ مﺎﻜﺣأ ﰲ ﺮﺷﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ...............................................2 76
11.10. SOME MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES............................ 277
ﻞﻗﺎﻋ ﻮﻬﻓ دﺮﳎ ﻞﻛ ﺮﺸﻋ يدﺎﳊا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .......................................2 78
11.11. EVERY IMMATERIAL BEING IS INTELLIGENT ...........2 79
ﻪﺴﻔﻨﺑ ء ﻲﺸﻟا ﻢﻠﻌﺑ ﺺﺘﳜ ﻻ ﻪﻧأ و يرﻮﻀﳊا ﻢﻠﻌﻟا ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .......... 280
11.12. IMMEDIATE KNOWLEDGE IS NOT LIMITED TO SELF-
KNOWLEDGE ..........................................................2 81
ﻪﻟﺎﻌﻓأ و ﻪﺗﺎﻔﺻ و ﻪﺗاذ تﺎﺒﺛإ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﺐﺟاﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا ..2 82
CHAPTER TWELVE: The Necessary Being, the Proofs of Its
Existence, Its Attributes and Acts ....................................... 282
ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺗاذ تﺎﺒﺛإ ﰲ لوﻷا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............................................. 283
ىﺮﺧأ ﺔﺠﺣ ..............................................................2 83
12.1. THE PROOFS OF ITS EXISTENCE .............................2 84
Another Proof .........................................................2 84
ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺘﻴﻧاﺪﺣو تﺎﺒﺛإ ﰲ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا.......................................... 285
12.2. THE PROOF OF ITS UNITY .....................................2 86
Another Proof .........................................................2 86
A Supplementary Note ................................................2 86
يدﻮﺟو لﺎﻤﻛ و دﻮﺟو ﻞﻜﻟ ﺾﻴﻔﳌا أﺪﺒﳌا ﻮﻫ ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﺐﺟاﻮﻟا نأ ﰲ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ..2 87
ﺮﺧآ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ و ..........................................................2 87
ﺔﻤﺘﺗ .....................................................................2 87
12.3. THE NECESSARY BEING IS THE SOURCE OF EVERY BEING
AND EVERY EXISTENTIAL PERFECTION .........................2 89
Another Proof .........................................................2 89
A Supplementary Note ................................................2 89
ﺎ- ﻪﻓﺎﺼﺗا ﲎﻌﻣ و ﱃﺎﻌﺗ دﻮﺟﻮﻟ اﺐﺟاﻮﻟا تﺎﻔﺻ ﰲ ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................. 291
12.4. THE ATTRIBUTES OF THE NECESSARY BEING AND THE
MEANING OF THEIR ATTRIBUTION ...............................2 94
ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻤﻠﻋ ﰲ ﺲﻣﺎﳋا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................................................ 297
12.5. GOD’S KNOWLEDGE ...........................................3 00
ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺗرﺪﻗ ﰲ سدﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ................................................3 03
12.6. THE ATTRIBUTE OF POWER ..................................3 05
ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﰲ ﻊﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .................................................3 07
12.7. THE ATTRIBUTE OF LIFE ......................................3 08
ﻪﻣﻼﻛ و ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺗدارإ ﰲ ﻦﻣﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .........................................3 09
12.8. THE ATTRIBUTES OF WILL AND SPEECH ..................3 10
9
www.alhassanain.org/english

ﻪﺗﺎﻣﺎﺴﻘﻧا و ﱃﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻠﻌﻓ ﰲ ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .......................................3 11
12.9. THE DIVINE ACT AND ITS DIVISIONS ...................... 312
ةﺮﺜﻛ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻮﻟ ﻪﻴﻓ ةﺮﺜﻜﻟا لﻮﺼﺣ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ و قرﺎﻔﳌا ﻞﻘﻌﻟا ﰲ ﺮﺷﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ..... 314
12.10. THE IMMATERIAL INTELLECTS AND THE POSSIBLE
MANNER OF THEIR MULTIPLICITY ............................... 315
ﺎﻬﻨﻣ رﺪﺼﻳ ﺎﻣ لوأ و ﺔﻴﻟﻮﻄﻟا لﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ يدﺎﳊا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا .....................3 16
12.11. THE VERTICAL INTELLECTS AND THE FIRST OF THEM
317
ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻌﻟا لﻮﻘﻌﻟا ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ ﱐﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ..........................................3 18
12.12. THE HORIZONTAL INTELLECTS ............................3 20
لﺎﺜﳌا ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا.................................................. 322
12.13. THE IMAGINAL WORLD ......................................3 23
يدﺎﳌا ﱂﺎﻌﻟا ﰲ ﺮﺸﻋ ﻊﺑاﺮﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ............................................ 324
12.14. THE MATERIAL WORLD ..................................... 325

10