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iape laLdj.k ys[kd ds fo"k; esa ,e- y{ehdkar us jktuhfr foKku esa LukrdksÙkj dh fMxzh 1989 esa mLekfu;k fo'ofo|ky; ls izkIr dhA og ,d iwoZorhZ dksfpax laLFkku] ftls y{ehdkar vkbZ,,l vdkneh gSnjkckn ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk] ds HkwriwoZ laLFkkid ,oa funs'kd FksA Hkkjrh; 'kklu] oLrqfu"B Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk vkSj yksd iz'kklu muds }kjk fy[kh xbZ vU; iqLrdsa gSaA iape laLdj.k ,,,,,eeeee----- yyyyy{{{{{eeeeehhhhhdddddkkkkkaaaaarrrrr HkwriwoZ laLFkkidμfuns'kd y{ehdkar vkbZ,,l vdkneh (can gks pqdk gS) gnS jkckn McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited CHENNAI McGraw Hill Education Offices Chennai New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, 444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai -600 116, Tamil Nadu, India Bharat Ki Rajvyvastha, 5e Copyright © 2017, 2014, 20111, 2010, 2009 McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited. 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Typeset at Kaushik Laser Point & Printers, Tis Hazari Court, Delhi-53 and printed at Cover Designer: Rajesh Pandey Visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in esjh iRuh ,e- fo|k dks lefiZr iape laLdj.k dh izLrkouk ikBdksa ds lEeq[k Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk dh bl cgqiz'kaflr iqLrd ds iw.kZr% la'kksf/r] foLrkfjr rFkk v|ru laLdj.k izLrqr djrs gq, eq>s csgn g"kZ gks jgk gSA o"kZ 2011 rFkk 2013 esa la?k yksdlsok vk;ksx us izkjafHkd rFkk eq[; ijh{kkvksa dk Lo:i rFkk ikB;ozQe Øe'k% cny fn;kA bu nkus k as l'a kk/s uk as }kjk Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk fo"k; dh O;kfIr dk s dkiQh foLrkj fn;k x;kA iQyr% iLz rrq l'a kkfs/r lLa dj.k vc vfèkd mi;ksxh cu x;k gS vkSj ;g izfrLif/Z;ksa dh c<+rh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa l{ke gSA bl iqLrd ds la'kks/u rFkk uohuhdj.k ds Øe esa dbZ ubZ phtsa tksM+h xbZ gSa] tSls gky ds lafo/ku la'kks/u] lalnh; foèkk;u] dk;Zikfydk ds fu.kZ; ,oa mPpre U;k;ky; ds iQSlysA bl laLdj.k esa ifjorZu (ubZ lkexzh) 1- 7 u;s vè;k;ksa dk lekos'k 2- 4 u;s ifjf'k"Vksa dk lekos'k 3- 2014] 2015 rFkk 2016 dh izkjafHkd ijh{kk ds iz'uksa dk mÙkj lfgr lekos'k 4- 2013] 2014 rFkk 2015 dh eq[; ijh{kk ds iz'u&i=k 'kkfey 5- la?k dh izkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kkvksa ds iz'uksa ds o"kZokj foHkktu dk v|ru :i esa izLrqrhdj.k 6- dbZ vU; fo"k;ksa ij vfrfjDr v|ru lkexzh dk lekos'k 7- fofHkUu vè;k;ksa esa u;s fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k u;s vè;k; 1- lalnh; lewg 2- U;kf;d leh{kk 3- U;kf;d lfoQz;rk 4- tufgr ;kfpdk 5- uhfr vk;ksx 6- ernku O;ogkj 7- pquko dkuwu Hkkjr dh jktO;oLFkk viii u;s ifjf'k"V 1- tu&izfrfuf/Ro vf/fu;e] 1950 dh /kjk,a 2- tu&izfrfuf/Ro vf/fu;e] 1951 dh /kjk,a 3- jk"Vªh; vk;ksxksa ds vè;{k 4- tEew ,oa d'ehj ds lafo/ku dh /kjk,a eq>s iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd ;g iqLrd vc dkiQh foLr`r rFkk v|ru vè;;u lkexzh cu xbZ gSA ;g csgn larks"ktud gS fd blds xr pkj laLdj.kksa dks ikBdksa dh vHkwriwoZ iz'kalk feyh gSA eq>s fo'okl gS fd bl laLdj.k dks Hkh ikBdksa }kjk oSls gh Lohdkj fd;k tk,xkA bl iqLrd dks vkxs vkSj ifj"Ñr djus ds ldkjkRed lq>koksa dk Lokxr gS vkSj muds fy, eSa ÑrK jgwaxkA μ,e- y{ehdkar izFke laLdj.k dh izLrkouk mPp iz'kklfud lsokvksa ds vH;fFkZ;ksa ds le{k bl iqLrd dks izLrqr djrs gq;s eq>s vikj g"kZ gks jgk gSA ;g iqLrd mu vH;fFkZ;ksa dh c<+rh gq;h vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ djus ds mís'; ls fy[kh x;h gS] tks la?k yksd lsok vk;kssx }kjk vk;ksftr flfoy lsok ijh{kk (izkjafHkd ,oa eq[;) esa lfEefyr gks jgs gSaA ;g iqLrd bl ijh{kk ds lkekU; vè;;u ds iz'u&i=k ds Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk okys [kaM dks iw.kZ :i ls doj djrh gSA blds vykok ;g iqLrd dbZ oSdfYid fo"k;ksa] tSlsμyksd iz'kklu] jktuhfr foKku] lekt'kkL=k rFkk ekuo foKku vkfn ds fy;s Hkh mi;ksxh fl¼ gksxhA ;g iqLrd ikBdksa dks fo"k; dh foLr`r ,oa laiw.kZ tkudkjh nsus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksxhA blesa fo"k; ds lHkh vk;keksa (lao/S kfud] xjS &lao/S kfud] jktuhfrd ,oa i'z kklfud) dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gAS flfoy lsok ds vH;fFk;Z ksa dks i<+kus dk esjk izR;{k vuqHko bl iqLrd ds ys[ku esa esjs fy;s izsj.kk dk ,d cM+k Ïksr jgk gS rFkk vR;ar lgk;d Hkh fl¼ gqvk gSA iqLrd dh ikB~;&lkexzh dks izekf.kd] izklafxd ,oa v|ru cukus dk iw.kZ iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA laoS/kfud izkoèkkuksa dh O;k[;k Hkkjr dh lafo/ku lHkk esa gqbZ cglksa ,oa loksZPp U;k;ky; ,oa mPp U;k;ky;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ds ifjizs{; esa dh x;h gSA izLrqfr dks T;knk Li"V Lo:i iznku djus gsrq eSaus rkfydkvksa dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k gSA iqLrd ds var esa fn;s x;s ifjf'k"V lanHkZ Hkkx ds :i esa dke djsaxsA bl iqLrd ds ikBdksa ds jpukRed lq>koksa ,oa fopkjksa dk eSa Lokxr d:axkA μ,e- y{ehdkar