Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America?: Societies and Politics at the Crossroads (Studies of the Americas)

288 Pages·2008·0.59 MB·English

by  John Burdick

Studies of the Americas
edited by
James Dunkerley
Institute for the Study of the Americas
University of London
School of Advanced Study
Titles in this series are multi-disciplinary studies of aspects of the societies of the hemisphere,
particularly in the areas of politics, economics, history, anthropology, sociology, and the envi-
ronment. The series covers a comparative perspective across the Americas, including Canada
and the Caribbean as well as the United States and Latin America.
Titles in this series published by Palgrave Macmillan:
Cuba’s Military 1990–2005: Revolutionary Soldiers during Counter-Revolutionary Times
By Hal Klepak
The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America
Edited by Rachel Sieder, Line Schjolden, and Alan Angell
Latin America: A New Interpretation
By Laurence Whitehead
Appropriation as Practice: Art and Identity in Argentina
By Arnd Schneider
America and Enlightenment Constitutionalism
Edited by Gary L. McDowell and Johnathan O’Neill
Vargas and Brazil: New Perspectives
Edited by Jens R. Hentschke
When Was Latin America Modern?
Edited by Nicola Miller and Stephen Hart
Debating Cuban Exceptionalism
Edited by Bert Hoffman and Laurence Whitehead
Caribbean Land and Development Revisited
Edited by Jean Besson and Janet Momsen
Cultures of the Lusophone Black Atlantic
Edited by Nancy Priscilla Naro, Roger Sansi-Roca and David H. Treece
Democratization, Development, and Legality: Chile, 1831–1973
By Julio Faundez
The Hispanic World and American Intellectual Life, 1820–1880
By Iván Jaksic´
The Role of Mexico’s Plural in Latin American Literary and Political Culture: From Tlatelolco
to the “Philanthropic Ogre”
By John King
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Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico
Edited by Matthew Butler
Reinventing Modernity in Latin America: Intellectuals Imagine the Future, 1900–1930
By Nicola Miller
The Republican Party and Immigration Politics: From Proposition 187 to George W. Bush
By Andrew Wroe
The Political Economy of Hemispheric Integration: Responding to Globalization in the
Americas
Edited by Diego Sánchez-Ancochea and Kenneth C. Shadlen
Ronald Reagan and the 1980s: Perceptions, Policies, Legacies
Edited by Cheryl Hudson and Gareth Davies
Wellbeing and Development in Peru: Local and Universal Views Confronted
Edited by James Copestake
The Federal Nation: Perspectives on American Federalism
Edited by Iwan W. Morgan and Philip J. Davies
Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 1940–1967
By Steven High
Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America? Societies and Politics at the Crossroads
Edited by John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn, and Kenneth M. Roberts
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Beyond Neoliberalism in
Latin America?
Societies and Politics at
the Crossroads
Edited by
John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn, and
Kenneth M. Roberts
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BEYOND NEOLIBERALISM IN LATIN AMERICA?
Copyright © John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn, and Kenneth M. Roberts, 2009.
All rights reserved.
First published in 2009 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN-13: 978–0–230–61179–5
ISBN-10: 0–230–61179–6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Beyond neoliberalism in Latin America? : societies and politics at the
crossroads / edited by John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn, Kenneth M. Roberts.
p. cm.—(Studies of the Americas)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–230–61179–6
1. Latin America—Politics and government—21st century. 2. Neoliberalism—
Latin America. 3. Latin America—Economic conditions—21st century. 4. Latin
America—Social conditions—21st century. I. Burdick, John. II. Oxhorn, Philip.
III. Roberts, Kenneth M., 1958–
F1414.3.B49 2009
320.510973—dc22 2008029180
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: January 2009
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America.
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Contents
List of Figures and Tables vii
Preface ix
John Burdick
1 Beyond Neoliberalism: Popular Responses to Social Change
in Latin America 1
Kenneth M. Roberts
Part I Electoral Politics
2 The Chilean Left: Socialist and Neoliberal 17
Patricio Navia
3 Neoliberalism and the Left: National Challenges,
Local Responses, and Global Alternatives 43
Benjamin Goldfrank
Part II Identity Politics
4 Decades Lost and Won: Indigenous Movements and
Multicultural Neoliberalism in the Andes 63
José Antonio Lucero
5 The Cristo del Gran Poder and the T”inku: Neoliberalism
and the Roots of Indigenous Movements in Bolivia 83
Hans Buechler
6 Ethnoracial Identity, Multiculturalism, and Neoliberalism
in the Brazilian Northeast 101
Jan Hoffman French
Part III Environmental Governance
7 Digging Out from Neoliberalism: Responses to Environmental
(Mis)governance of the Mining Sector in Latin America 117
Keith Slack
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vi CONTENTS
8 Assessing the Limits of Neoliberal Environmental
Governance in Bolivia 135
Thomas Perreault
9 Nature under Neoliberalism and Beyond: Community-Based
Resource Management, Environmental Conservation, and
Farmer-and-Food Movements in Bolivia, 1985–Present 157
Karl S. Zimmerer
Part IV Transnational Migration
10 Neoliberal Reform and Migrant Remittances: Symptom or
Solution? 177
Katrina Burgess
11 Nothing (Entirely) New under the Sun: Developmentalism
and Neoliberalism in Nicaragua 197
Margarita Cervantes-Rodríguez
Part V Conclusion
12 Beyond Neoliberalism? Latin America’s New Crossroads 217
Philip Oxhorn
References 235
List of Contributors 259
Index 261
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Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Civil liberties in Chile and Latin America, 1972–2006 18
2.2 Political rights in Chile and Latin America, 1972–2006 26
2.3 Presidential approval ratings in Chile, 1990–2007 32
2.4 Michelle Bachelet approval ratings, 2006–2008 38
Tables
2.1 S elected economic indicators in Chile and Latin
America, 2000–2007 30
10.1 Remittances in Latin American economies 178
10.2 F oreign-born population stock by country of
birth and year (in thousands) 180
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Preface
John Burdick
I
n early fall of 2004, a rambunctious group of Syracuse University faculty
from a wide variety of disciplines, all associated with the Program on Latin
America and the Caribbean (PLACA) of the Moynihan Institute, in the
Maxwell School of Citizenship, held a series of informal meetings to flesh
out a common theme around which to organize a major national conference.
In these meetings it became evident that faculty working on Latin America
in geography (Tom Perreault, Jamie Winders, Gavin Bridge, Beverly
Mullings, David Robinson), sociology (Arthur Paris), anthropology (Hans
Buechler, John Burdick), history (Karin Rosemblatt), political science
(Francine D’Amico), public administration (Melvyn Levitsky), and Spanish
(Gail Bulman) had in common the recognition that the politico-economic
model of neoliberalism on the continent had entered into crisis, but was not
yet superseded. The participants in those meetings finally agreed that the
complexity of the current conjuncture made of the diversity of our disciplin-
ary perspectives an essential resource. Shouldn’t this moment in Latin
American history, we asked, be examined from the point of view of actors all
the way up and down the scale, from elite policymakers to the mobilized
masses? Might not the confluence of methods—from quantitative survey to
intense life historical interview—create a vantage point from which we could
see a broad landscape of agency, force, and constraint, including the social
and cultural motivations both of the “people” and elites?
Out of these meetings emerged a national conference in April 2005 in
which the faculty just mentioned participated as contributors, participants,
commentators, and fellow travelers. Nationally we garnered the involve-
ment of eight major scholars, whose work is represented here: Karl
Zimmerer, Keith Slack, Katrina Burgess, Jan French, Benjamin Goldfrank,
Patricio Navia, Antonio Jose Lucero, and Margarita Cervantes. James
Derham, deputy assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere Affairs,
also attended and offered much appreciated comments. Ken Roberts and
Phil Oxhorn were kind enough to agree to serve as editors of the chapters
that would emerge from the conference, and to help craft them into an
edited volume.
A word on the volume’s focus. We invited participants doing advanced
work on the impacts and responses to neoliberalism in Latin America in
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